Coordination of physiological activity and intensity of metabolism in various organs and tissues of a productive animal, depending on environmental conditions and own needs, is provided by the regulatory activity of the corresponding nerve centers. However, the features of the autonomic regulation of the nervous system in this matter can have a significant impact not only on the physiological activity of animals but also on their productivity. Therefore, the question of studying the influence of autonomic regulation on the animal body in general and the interaction of the autonomic system and lipid metabolism is quite relevant. Groups of animals were formed by determining the state of the cardiovascular system according to Baevskyi. Blood plasma was used for the study, lipid extraction was performed by the Folch method. Fatty acid analysis was performed on a Trace GC Ultra gas chromatograph (USA) with a flame ionization detector. Studies have shown that the relative content of saturated fatty acids in blood of normotonics was the highest compared with other groups: sympathotonics – by 1.9%; vagotonics – 0.48%. Regarding the concentration of saturated fatty acids in sympathotonics, it should be noted that the content of stearic acid was the highest (18.07 ± 0.01; P < 0.001) and saturated fatty acids from C6 to C16 were characterized by the lowest values (P < 0.01–0.05) in comparison with other groups The total content of unsaturated fatty acids in blood plasma of sympathotonics and vagotonics was 1.19% and 0.49% higher, respectively, compared with normotonics. Quite interesting is the fact that sympathotonics were characterized by the highest content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, the content of which decreased in the range C18:2n6 > C20:4n6 > C18:3n3 > C22:6n3 > C22:5n3, a similar sequence we observed in other groups, although the relative concentration of acids could fluctuate. Normotonics were characterized by the highest levels of some polyunsaturated fatty acids (C18:3n3, C22:5n3, C22:6n3) (P < 0.05-0.01), while levels of some unsaturated fatty acids (C18: 1n9, C20: 3n6) were the lowest. Thus, the type of nervous activity has a significant effect on the ratio of fatty acids in blood plasma of cows and autonomous regulation affects the metabolic processes in the animal’s body.

The article gives an overview of modern opinions about the ways of possible contamination of milk and dairy products by mycotoxyn. The key indicator of the presence of mycotoxins in milk  and dairy products is the level to which micromycetes affect productive livestock’s feed. Yet, mycromycetes and mycotoxines do not always occur together: some test samples can contain certain micromycetes, but no mycotoxines. Mycotoxines are synthesised by micromycetes only under certain favourable conditions. The multi-chambered stomach ecosystem of lactating cows utilises most mycotoxins occurring in food. Only a small amount of those is excreted in milk. However, some mycotoxins can bind to milk caseins. In this case, cheese and other dairy products can contain far higher amounts of mycotoxins than at  the initial stage of milk production. The paper compares the maximum permissible levels of mycotoxins in milk and in dairy products  according to the regulations of Ukraine and the EU. It presents the mycotoxins isolated from secretions of mammary glands of humans and productive animals, and describes their effect on the body’s physiology. It also provides a structural diagram of how mycotoxins contaminate milk and dairy products following the path “Animal feed – dairy products.” We suggest four-stage assessment of the risks of mycotoxin contamination of milk and dairy products: Stage I – identifying the producer of mycotoxin (molecule, metabolites in feed, milk, and dairy products). Anamnesis; Stage II – constructing a sequence diagram. Inspecting all production stages to identify the main ways  and periods of contamination, determining and describing the symptoms of contamination; Stage III – assessing how the intensity and duration of exposure to a mycotoxin and its metabolites are likely to effect on the body. Modelling the influence of mycotoxins on the body; Stage IV – assessing the risk and determining measures to eliminate or minimise it. Risk scenario forecast

Актуальність. Потенційні ризики використання пестицидів зумовлені їх різнобічним негативним впливом на біосферу, що становить загрозу як для навколишнього середовища, так і для людини зокрема. Головним джерелом розповсюдження пестицидів є агроценози. Крім того, загрозу довкіллю становлять заскла-довані заборонені, а також ті, що втратили термін придатності агрохімікати та пестициди, які не утилізовані та зберігаються з порушенням правил. Таким чином, особливої актуальності набула проблема дослідження наслідків впливу стійких до розпаду пестицидів на природні екосистеми та здоров'я людей

This article deals with the process of obtaining quality raw milk by analyzing its lipid composition. The lipid composition of raw milk depends on many factors, among which, first of all, is the species, the composition of the diet and the physiological state of the breast. In recent years, a large amount of data has accumulated on the fluctuations of certain lipid parameters of milk depending on the type, age, lactation, diet, time of year, exercise, animal husbandry technology, physiological state of the lactating organism in general and breast status in particular. Factors of regulation of fatty acid composition of raw milk: genetically determined parameters of quality and safety; fatty acid composition of the diet; synthesis of fatty acids by microorganisms of the digestive tract; synthesis of fatty acids in the breast; physiological state of the breast. The milk of each species of productive animals has its own specific lipid profile and is used in the formulation of certain dairy products to obtain the planned technological and nutritional parameters. Diagnosis of productive animals for subclinical mastitis involves the use of auxiliary (thermometry, thermography, electrical conductivity) and laboratory research methods: counting the number of somatic cells; use of specialized tests; microbiological studies of milk; biochemical studies of milk. The biochemical component in the diagnosis of subclinical forms of mastitis is underestimated. An increase in body temperature implies an increase in the intensity of heat release during the oxidation of substrates, sometimes due to a decrease in the intensity of synthesis of energy-intensive compounds. There are simply no other sources of energy in the body. The situation is the same with certain parts of the metabolism, which are aimed at the development of protective reactions to the etiological factor aimed at the defeat of the breast. That is why the biochemical composition of breast secretions in the absence of clinical signs of mastitis undergoes biochemical changes and the task of scientists is to develop mechanisms for clear tracking of such changes, identification of animals with subclinical forms of mastitis and effective treatment.

The five groups of Pharaoh quail (100 animals per group) were formed to fulfill the tasks. Quails of the control group were fed by the standard mixed fodder for quail (DSTU 4687:2006). The bird of the research groups (I–IV) received the same feed, but with the addition of 20 g/t of vitamin E. We selected the hatching eggs after 4 weeks of feeding research fodders. Eggs were weighed and laid for incubation using the standard mode after pre-incubation storage of the eggs of the quails obtained in the peak of egg production for 5 days. On the 14th day of incubation, the eggs of the quails were divided into 5 groups. Treatment of eggs I, II and III of the test group was carried out on the 14th day of incubation, respectively, with solutions of 1% sodium hypochlorite 2% perchloric acid 0,5% hydrogen peroxide. Egg of control and IV experimental group were not subject to chemical treatment. The material for research was hatching eggs of quail, liver tissue of 14 daily embryos and 1-day quail. The fatty acid composition of the lipids of tissues and egg yolk was determined in this biological material. Analysis of methyl esters of LC was carried out on a Gas chromatograph Trace GC Ultra (USA) with a flame ionization detector. Identification of fatty acids was carried out using a standard Supelco 37 Component FAME Mix. Quantitative assessment of the spectrum of fatty acids of yolk lipids was carried out by the method of internal normalization, determining their percentage content. Ontogenetic differences in the fatty acid composition of tissues are established. Processing of the eggshell on the fourteenth day of incubation with H2O2 solution is accompanied by an increase in the proportion of stearic acid in the liver of the 1-day quail and a decrease in the proportion of Neukosatrienoic and pre-fatty acids. Treatment of the shell with sodium hypochlorite and HCl is accompanied by an increase in the proportion of stearic acid by 0.96–1.00 % and аrachinic acid, with a decrease in the proportion of gondoinic and eicosatrienic fatty acids. At the same time, when treating with HCl and sodium hypochlorite, the ratio of the sum of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids decreases by 3.2–7.9% (p<0.05). So, the established changes in the fatty acid composition of the liver one-day quail indicate a significant effect of the chemical treatment of the egg shell on the exchange of fatty acids in the embryonic period.