Изучены ветеринарно-санитарные требования в отдельных зарубежных странах при убое животных на мясо, особенности ветеринарно-санитарной экспертизы и оценки продуктов убоя при болезнях. Установлены некоторые различия в структуре и содержании основных нормативных документов -Правил ветсанэкспертизы или законов о мясе, которыми должны пользоваться вете-ринарные специалисты стран-экспортеров и стран-импортеров при международной торговле мясным сырьем. Определены несовпадения в ветеринарно-санитарной оценке мяса и субпродуктов при некоторых болезнях, выявляемых в России и в зарубежных странах при убое животных. Рекомен-довано при утверждении новых российских «Правил ветеринарного осмотра убойных животных и ветеринарно-санитарной экспертизы мяса и мясных продуктов» внести дополнения с учетом вете-ринарно-санитарной оценки продуктов убоя животных,утвержденной в зарубежных странах, что позволит оптимизировать ветеринарные требования к убойным животным, мясному сырью и гото-вым мясным продуктам.Ключевые слова: продукты убоя, Правила ветсанэкспертизы, болезни, ветсаноценка, зачистка, выбраковка, утилизация, лабораторный анализ Актуальность. В любом современном обществе люди все больше стали осо-знавать необходимость заботы о своем здоровье и зависимость его от потребля-емых продуктов питания, большую часть которых составляет продукция живот-ного происхождения, в том числе мясо и мясные продукты. Доброкачественное и безопасное для потребителей мясное сырье получают от здоровых животных, выращенных в соответствии с их биологическими особенностями и физиологиче-скими потребностями убитых под строгим контролем специалистов ветеринарной службы. Однако в последние годы условия содержания животных все больше при-ближаются к промышленным методам выращивания; при этом повышается ин-тенсивность откорма и эксплуатации продуктивного скота, что отрицательно влия-ет на доброкачественность мяса, субпродуктов и других продуктов убоя. Это вызывает определенную озабоченность у переработчиков и создает необходи-мость повышать требования к предубойной оценке здоровья животных и после-убойной ветеринарно-санитарной экспертизе органов и туш.Ветеринарно-санитарный контроль является одним из основных видов дея-тельности ветслужбы, так как он важен для охраны здоровья населения от болез-

Департамент ветеринарной медицины Российский университет дружбы народов ул. Миклухо-Маклая, 8/2, Москва, Россия, 117198 В практике ветеринарной деятельности достаточно часто возникает необходимость проводить идентификацию видовой принадлежности мяса и мясных полуфабрикатов или фальсификацию мясного сырья. Основными методами идентификации мясного сырья являются органолептические, иммунологические, гистологические исследования и метод полимеразной цепной реакции.Ключевые слова: идентификация, фальсификация, мясо разных видов животных.In the practice of veterinary activity quite often necessary to carry out the identification of the types of meat and meat semi-finished or falsification of raw meat. The main methods of identification of raw meat are the organoleptic, immunological, histological studies and polymerase chain reaction.

The rate of benign tumor detection in slaughtered cattle was studied. Tumor pathology was detected on average in 0.04% of the studied livestock. Manifestations of various new growths in this animal species have specific features. Tumors are detected 2-3 times more often in cows and bulls than in young animals. The veterinary and sanitary characteristics of cattle meat affected with benign tumors were compared with those of animal meat without tumors. Affected meat had deviations in physical properties, chemical composition of meat affected with tumors, content of primary protein breakdown products, volatile fatty acids (+0.05 mg/KOH) and amino-ammonium nitrogen (+0.54 mg/%) compared with meat of healthy cattle. It was revealed that the samples of meat affected with tumors were highly contaminated with microorganisms (0.28…0.80×10 2 ), including coliforms and St. aureus. Pathogenic bacteria of the genera Salmonella, L. monocytogenes, Cl. perfringens etc. were not detected in the test samples. In meat affected with tumors, relative bioavailability decreased by 4.99…13.87% and safety -by 5.89…13.89% as compared to meat of healthy cattle. Based on the data obtained, proposals were developed on the most rational and safe use of meat from animals affected by benign tumors for food and feed.

The possibility of including SUB-PRO probiotic instead of Maxus G feed antibiotic in the diet of broiler chickens of Ross 308 cross was studied to obtain products free of drugs for antimicrobial resistance usage. The dynamics of live weight and carcass weight of cockerels at 1-, 21-, 28-, 34-, 38- and 42-days old was determined. The males of the control group (group 1) reached live weight of 2619 ± 44.9, experimental - 2739 ± 46.2 or more by 4.38%, at P≤0.05 by 42 days of age, and those which received feed antibiotic ( group 3) - 2677 ± 45.1 (further, meat productivity of the latter was not studied, since they are not of practical importance). The mass of carcasses of the experimental group was equal to 1704 ± 23.1 g, which is 4.60% more than the control, at P≤0.05; the relative mass of muscle tissue increased with age by 10.78% in the experimental group in comparison with the 1-day -olds, in the control group - by 10.0%, whereas the mass of bones decreased by 16.75 and 16.59%, respectively (by the difference); the diameter of muscle fibers of superficial pectoral muscle of 42-day-old broilers of the experimental group increased with age by 6.94 times and amounted to 57.9 μm; in terms of microbiological parameters, carcass meat meets the requirements of the interstate standard GOST 31468—2012. At the age of 42 days, cockerels of the control group showed dystrophic changes in the superficial pectoral muscle in the form of an expansion of the endomysium diameter, with the accumulation of interfiber fluid (albuminous degeneration), while some cockerels of the experimental group have fibers with vacuoles and infiltration by immunocompetent cells (leukocytes, phagocytes). Adding SUB-PRO probiotic in the broilers’ diet instead of the feed antibiotic does not reduce productivity, but excludes the negative consequences of feed antibiotics.

On a worldwide basis increasing of meat production, especially beef, improving of its quality and reducing of costs are of great economic importance, and therefore intensification of livestock industry through introduction of advanced technologies, organization of full feeding, creation of optimal conditions for animals' welfare, breeding of the most productive breeds of young cattle are important. Young cattle of various productivity areas in Russia are grown to different weight conditions with different technologies of keeping and battening and their live weight and carcass weight are evaluated according to the interstate standard GOST 34120-2017 according to 7 categories. In 2018 production of livestock and poultry for slaughter (live weight) in farms of all categories in Russia amounted to 9 million tons and increased by 3.7 % compared to the same period in 2017. According to the Russian State Statistics of Federal Agency the volume of industrial meat production amounted to 1 690.6 thousand tons for the period from January till August in 2018 (11.2 % more than at the same period in 2017). Agricultural organizations produced 626.1 thousand tons of meat for the period from January till August in 2018 (almost 8 % more than at the same period in 2017). In 2018 according to the data from the Russian Ministry of Agriculture the average price of agricultural producers for cattle (live weight) was 109.57 thousand rubles per ton (w/o VAT), for half-carcass beef-209.25 thousand rubles per ton (w/o VAT), which are also higher compared to the data for 2017. Average consumer costs for beef-325.91 rubles per kg. In this work comparative assessment of average purchasing and consumer prices of live weight and carcasses of bulls and bullocks of various productivity areas was made, taking into account age of animals and technology of growing and battening by the category-super, prima, extra, excellent, good, satisfactory, low and evaluation of economic prospects for growing young stock to different weight conditions was given.