PDB References: insulin, 3i3z; 3i40.Attempts to crystallize the noncovalent complex of recombinant human insulin with polysialic acid were carried out under normal and microgravity conditions. Both crystal types belonged to the same space group, I2 1 3, with unit-cell parameters a = b = c = 77.365 Å , = = = 90.00. The reported space group and unit-cell parameters are almost identical to those of cubic insulin reported in the PDB. The results of X-ray studies confirmed that the crystals obtained were cubic insulin crystals and that they contained no polysialic acid or its fragments. Electron-density maps were calculated using X-ray diffraction sets from earthgrown and microgravity-grown crystals and the three-dimensional structure of the insulin molecule was determined and refined. The conformation and secondary-structural elements of the insulin molecule in different crystal forms were compared.

From the base structure of tetragonal lysozyme crystals, the octamer cluster was selected as the possible element of crystal growth. The proposed model was verified by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements of lysozyme solutions. The results showed a noticeable presence of lysozyme dimers and octamers under crystallization conditions and the total absence of oligomers under conditions where crystal growth was impossible.