A decrease in therapeutic effect of some live lacto- and bifdobacteria-based drugs for veterinary use has been observed for the last 20 years that urges scientists to search for new microorganisms possessing probiotic properties. Many studies in this feld are focused onBacillus subtilisthat is widespread in the environment and non-pathogenic for animals and humans. Results of tests ofBacillus subtilisfor its biological properties and antagonistic activity aimed at optimization of methodical approaches for detection of strain with the highest antagonistic effect on some opportunistic microorganisms and their further use as probiotics are described. Cultural morphological and biochemical characteristics of the tested strains conformed to the species characteristics ofBacillus subtilis.Tested strains were nonpathogenic for white mice. Tests showed that spore biomass could be prepared both in liquid and on solid nutrient media. Methodically, spore biomass preparation in liquid nutrient medium is preferable. The tests showed that spores emerged from anabiosis non-uniformly and it depended on original seed spore storage period. Spore cultures stored less than one year emerged from anabiosis more quickly. It was found that the spores formed more readily when the cultures were aerated with oxygen as well as that lag-phase culture medium had a stimulating effect onBacillus subtilisspore germination.Bacillus subtilisstrains were found to have antagonistic effect onEscherichia coli, SalmonellaandStaphylococcus. Area of growth inhibition of the said bacteria was 15–20 mm. TestedBacillus subtilisstrains could be proposed for use as probiotics.
Иммуногенные свойства изолятов и штаммов Avibacterium paragallinarum серогруппы В РЕЗЮМЕ Инфекционное заболевание кур, вызываемое бактерией Avibacterium рaragallinarum, остается одной из актуальных проблем птицеводческой отрасли, о чем говорят многочисленные сообщения о периодических вспышках инфекционного ринита кур в разных странах мира. Проведенные с 2014 по 2019 г. бактериологические исследования показали, что Российская Федерация эндемична по данному заболеванию, вызываемому Avibacterium paragallinarum серогруппы В. Представлены результаты исследования по изучению иммуногенных свойств антигенов 13 изолятов возбудителя инфекционного ринита кур, выделенных из патологического материала, доставленного в ФГБУ «ВНИИЗЖ» с птицефабрик Российской Федерации и Республики Беларусь. Для этого готовили образцы вакцины, содержащей в своем составе инактивированные формалином клетки Avibacterium рaragallinarum и масляный адъювант. Птиц иммунизировали с последующим контрольным заражением гомологичными и гетерологичными изолятами. Степень проявления клинических признаков заболевания оценивали по методике, предложенной V. E. Soriano. Образец вакцины на основе антигена изолята АрВ08 индуцировал недостаточный иммунный ответ у птиц при инфицировании изолятами АрВ04 и АрВ12. В свою очередь, при заражении изолятом АрВ08 был показан высокий уровень защиты животных. Изоляты АрВ04, АрВ08 и АрВ12 были всесторонне изучены, определены как наиболее перспективные для производства вакцины против инфекционного ринита кур и депонированы в Государственную коллекцию штаммов микроорганизмов ФГБУ «ВНИИЗЖ» под номерами 1116, 5111 и 1818 соответственно. Также была проведена сравнительная оценка иммуногенной активности экспериментальной вакцины против инфекционного ринита кур, включающей антигены штаммов № 1116, 5111 и 1818, с двумя коммерческими препаратами. Экспериментальный препарат показал максимальный процент защиты птиц при заражении гомологичными штаммами Avibacterium рaragallinarum.Ключевые слова: инфекционный ринит кур, изоляты, штаммы, вакцина, контрольное заражение, Avibacterium paragallinarum.Благодарность: Работа выполнена за счет средств ФГБУ «ВНИИЗЖ» в рамках тематики научно-исследовательских работ «Ветеринарное благополучие».
Porcine pleuropneumonia is an infectious contagious disease caused by bacteria Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Currently, the disease is widespread in many countries with well-developed pig production. The disease causes significant economic damage to farms due to the large mortality and expenses for treatment of diseased pigs and implementation of veterinary and sanitary measures. Due to increased number of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae cases in pigs, and the emergence of actinobacillus-resistant forms, it is necessary to perform a more thorough study and discussion of this problem. The disease epidemic surveillance is based on continuous monitoring aimed at porcine Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae identification, confirmation and registration, determination of its characteristics and trends in development of sensitivity to antimicrobial preparations. The article addresses the topic of antibiotic use and the antibiotic resistance of microorganisms, which is actual not only for veterinary medicine but also for medicine. The model of swine Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae was used to study the reasons of antibiotic resistance. Possible approaches to overcoming the resistance of actinobacilli to antibiotics have been discussed. The prospects for the use of antibiotics were discussed in detail to cope with this problem. Targeted surveillance, aimed at monitoring and collecting information on the prescription of antibiotics is of great importance for the solution of the problem of antibiotic resistance. The information obtained from the monitoring can be used for development of the plan and strategy for the use of antibacterial preparations (preparation selection, dose, route of administration, frequency, number of courses), development and implementation of more effective approaches to the treatment of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in pigs, control of the antibiotic-resistant bacteria occurrence and spread.
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