The paper deals with the impact of smart technologies on cognitive and educational activities and assesses the role of smart education in education and cognition from semiotics and epistemology. The authors of the article consider smart-technologies as modern information technologies of various profiles, developed mainly for the performance of the semiotic and epistemological functions of the person with its maximum possible replacement in different areas of life. The article notes that when evaluating smart technologies, some criteria are often overlooked, while the importance of others is exaggerated. In general, quantitative scenarios for the use of smart technologies prevail over qualitative ones. This situation leads to the fact that the main characteristics of smart technologies are replaced by secondary ones, causing overestimated expectations. For example, the authors examined the misconception that a student who studies a subject as part of online learning using smart technology begins to participate in an epistemological situation from a semiotic perspective. It is because online learning makes students “discover” knowledge independently, without the necessary methodology and teacher support. An overwhelming amount of research sees this situation as an achievement, and the authors consider it to be a negative factor. However, according to the assessment of the consequences of smart learning, the best results are shown by students who already possess some methodological knowledge. At the same time, the vast majority of students show a decline in their performance in online education. The authors of the article note that from an epistemological point of view, such a property of smart technologies as a functional substitution of the subject is very consonant with some constructivist trends in epistemology and cognitive sciences, admitting “cognition without a subject.” These smart technologies’ parameters in education and epistemology allow some studies to voice ideas about the possibility of forming smart education and smart epistemology as non-subject ways of knowledge and cognition. The article demonstrated that this situation is permissible if one does not distinguish between the concepts of “information” and “knowledge” and the processes of cognition and informing. It is shown that if this condition is ignored, then the concepts of “knowledge” and “cognition” lose their meaning since the process of cognition is a way of relating knowledge and information, and it is impossible without a subject. The authors conclude that smart technologies should be considered an additional tool used for similar, but not heuristic, creative and primary actions prioritizing the subject in education and epistemology.
«Заметки о цвете» Витгенштейна посвящены исследованию логики (или грамматики) цвета. В нашей статье логика цвета (цветовых понятий) рассматривается в контексте различных редукционистских проектов – когда логические отношения сводятся к объективному определению цвета (проект Джонатана Вестфаля) или универсализируются в рамках определенной экспликации (таковой может выступать цветовой октаэдр и др.). Такие способы редукции при детальном рассмотрении показывают собственную несостоятельность. В данной статье мы прочитываем «Заметки о цвете» Витгенштейна как последовательную критику редукционистских проектов в исследовании отношений между цветовыми понятиями. В первом случае (в споре с Вестфалем) придерживаемся позиции Элейн Хорнер. При рассмотрении универсалистских редукций логики цвета подробно разбираем работу Габриэлы Мрас. В завершающей части статьи пытаемся показать обусловленность (на уровне исходных предпосылок) некоторых социологических и антропологических исследований цвета универсалистской тенденцией (кратко рассматриваются работы Уильяма Риверса и исследования Берлина-Кея). Здесь нашу статью можно рассматривать в качестве дополнительного комментария к работе Мартина Куша. The main theme in Wittgenstein’s “Remarks on Colour” is the logic (or grammar) of colour. We consider the logic of colour in the context of various reductionist projects in which logical relations between colour concepts are planned to be reduced to an objective definition of colour (it is the first variant of reduction and here we will take as an example a project of Jonathan Westphal) or are planned to be universalized within the framework of a certain explication (such may be the colour octahedron, etc.) (the second variant). When examined in detail, both variants show their own insolvency. We read Wittgenstein’s remarks on colour as a consistent criticism of any reductionist projects in the study of the relationship between colour concepts. In the first case (with Westphal) we adhere to the position of Elaine Horner. When considering universalistic reductions, we look in detail at the work of Gabriela Mras. In the final part of the article, we try to show how the universalist tendency (at the level of initial premises) influences some sociological and anthropological studies of colour (we briefly consider the works of William Rivers and Berlin & Kay). And our article can be taken as an additional commentary on the work of Martin Kusch.
Рассматривается подход У. Куайна к проблеме парадоксальных понятий в контексте их отношения к реальности. Проанализирован тезис У. Куайна о том, что парадоксы должны разрешаться именно в рамках той области теоретического знания, где они были сформулированы. Доказывается, что парадоксальность понятий, фигурирующих в различных теориях, должна связываться не с реальностью, а с особенностью словарей этих теорий. Выдвинута гипотеза, что предложения наблюдения, будучи посредниками между языком и реальностью, в ретроспективном анализе оказываются исходными пунктами появления парадоксальных понятий. The article examines Willard Van Orman Quine’s approach to the problem of paradoxical concepts in the context of their relationship with reality. Quine’s thesis, according to which it is necessary to resolve paradoxes where they appeared and not to extend them to reality, is analyzed. It has been suggested that observation sentences, being intermediaries between language and reality, in retrospective analysis, always turn out to be the primary points in the development of theories due to the constant incompleteness of empirical concepts. The working hypothesis of the study is as follows: the possibility of a particular theory, as a specific variant of the organization of empirical concepts, is determined by observation sentences arising from the schematization of reality and often producing paradoxes.
The article contains some considerations on influence of Wittgenstein’s Problem of Rule-Following to Social Theories, especially as it is analyzed in the text of K.A. Rodin. I consider “skeptical decision” of S. Kripke, and demonstrate that in some new situation’s theory of G. Baker and P. Hacker are preferable.
Рассматривается источник логических парадоксов, выявленных Б. Расселом в системе обоснования математики, предложенной Г. Фреге. Самореферентность выражений, предложенная Б. Расселом как объяснение возникновения парадоксов, рассматривается с точки зрения разработанной им простой и разветвленной теории типов. Обосновывается, что теория типов, предложенная Б. Расселом, основана на онтологических предпосылках. Онтологические предпосылки зависят от предпочтения семантическому перед синтаксическим подходом, который принимается Б. Расселом. Рассмотрены синтаксические подходы к логическому символизму, которые позволяют устранить парадоксы с точки зрения языка современной символической логики. Анализируется подход к решению парадоксов Л. Витгенштейна, который основан на синтаксическом подходе. Показано, что этот подход отличается от способов построения языка, принятых в современной логике. The article analyzes the source of logical paradoxes Bertrand Russell identified in the foundations of mathematics proposed by Gottlob Frege. Russell proposed self-reference of expressions as the source of paradoxes. To solve paradoxes, he developed the simple and ramified theory of types. Ontological presuppositions are well substantiated for his theory; they depend on semantic, but not syntactic, preference. Contemporary approaches in symbolical logic prefer syntactic methods. But Wittgenstein’s approach in his Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus is more interesting, especially from the perspective of his picture theory of statements.
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