No abstract

The development of a strategy for post-war recovery of Ukraine's economy determines the advisability and importance of taking into account international experience. An urgent task is to assess the possibility to implement those economic policy tools that have proven their practical effectiveness. At the same time, it is necessary to define the reservations and risks associated with the implementation of certain aspects in the recovery policy. The purpose of the article is to identify institutional factors and economic mechanisms that provided the successful post-war recovery and development of the Republic of Korea in the 1960s and 1970s. Revealing the positive experience of the restructuring involves the account of historical conditions, and the role of foreign aid and internal sources of economic growth. The author has used the methods of comparative and problem-logical analysis, the institutional-evolutionary approach, the principle of integrability as a basis for the synthesis of empirical and theoretical knowledge, and the methodological approach of F. List regarding the historical conditioning of forms of economic nationalism. It is established that after the end of the Korean War, in 1953–1960, domestic policy and foreign aid were focused on solving the primary tasks of overcoming devastation and hunger. The author considers the forms of interaction between the state, the business environment and foreign aid in ensuring the recovery and development of the economy of the Republic of Korea in the 1960s and 1970s. Contrary to the recommendations aimed at liberalizing the economy with a focus on the development of traditional industries, the government of Park Chung-hee gradually implemented a national strategy aimed at industrialization and achieving global competitiveness on high-tech markets. This was facilitated by the introduction of the national planning system, the financial strategy of public-private partnership, and the support for export-oriented industrial production. The agrarian reform, focused on the development of highly productive family farming, contributed to the consolidation of food self-sufficiency and expansion of the domestic market. The strict policy of the redistribution of donor funds by the state provided a so-called export discipline for big business, thanks to which the national corporations - chaebols - became the drivers of investment and innovation based modernization of the economy. The author defines the main components of the Republic of Korea's success in realizing the national interests of economic development under the conditions of foreign aid in post-war reconstruction. An assessment is made of the possibility and expediency of using South Korean experience in Ukraine.

The article is devoted to the problem of the relationship between expected results and real institutional, structural, and financial consequences of agrarian reforms aimed at the capitalization of land. The purpose of the publication is to summarize the positive and negative experience of the peasant reform of 1861 on changes in the relations of ownership and land use in the budgetary and financial sphere and foreign economic activity. Research is based on the history-institutional methodology using tools of economic comparability, retrospective analysis, and historical reconstruction. It is defined that the opening of the land market and the creation of a system of mortgage land loans allowed to increase the share of private land ownership of peasants, but did not turn them into effective owners and did not solve the problem of peasant land. Rising land prices contributed to the development of land speculation and increased rents, encouraging the farmers to predatory land use and depletion of soils without increasing productivity. The capitalization of land and the expansion of the hired labor market contributed to economic growth, increased government revenues and expenditures, and overcame the chronic state budget deficit. At the same time, the credit indebtedness of peasants grew, while ransom payments depleted peasant farms, reducing the potential for capital formation and investment. The public policy of forcing grain exports and supporting large agribusiness allowed to replenish the gold reserves of the treasury, but also led to the impoverishment of farmers, reduced quality of the exported grain, increased share of fodder crops, and lower share of food crops and finished goods. Intensified international competition to expand the supply of cheap grain led to lower prices, weaker competitive position of domestic exporters, and the growing dependence of the economy on world markets for agricultural products, and the local agrarian business - on foreign capital. The article provides recommendations to the government about taking into account the historical experience in the implementation of modern agrarian transformations, in particular, comprehensive support for farming as the main link of agricultural production and the guarantor of food security of the country. Their implementation will help prevent the risks of over-concentration of land, the proletarianization of the peasantry and its mass migration to cities and abroad, growing environmental problems, and vulnerability of the economy due to increasing dependence on the world markets for agricultural raw materials.

Стаття представляє ретроспективу розвитку економічних досліджень в Академії наук України. Аналіз трансформацій Академії має значення для розуміння проблем і перспектив української науки. Застосовані методи компаративного аналізу, проблемноперсоніфікованого підходу та поєднання абсолютних і відносних оцінок. Показано, в яких суспільно-політичних умовах відбувалося становлення та розвиток академічної науки. Висвітлюються драматичні сторінки історії. Показаний характер партійного керівництва науковими дослідженнями. Розкриті методи формування радянської економічної науки. Представлені основні напрями досліджень і здобутки, що не втратили свою наукову цінність. Напрями досліджень у 1930-50-х роках це-розроблення принципів і методології планування; обґрунтування нормативів, цін і пропорцій розвитку суспільного господарства; розміщення продуктивних сил та економічне районування територій; оптимізація державного управління підприємствами; використання товарно-грошових відносин як інструменту державної економічної політики. У 1950-1960-ті роки були проведені дискусії по широкому колу проблем політичної економії. У радянський період української історії жили і працювали вчені, які зробили вагомий внесок у розвиток економічної науки навіть за умов ідеологічного тиску і політичних обмежень. В Академії наук УРСР було започатковано цілий ряд прогресивних і перспективних наукових напрямів, які відповідали спрямуванню та рівню досягнень світової економічної науки. Найвагоміші здобутки: теорія економіки науково-технічного прогресу (С. Ямпольський); аналіз та об-В.В. Небрат

Motivation: The corporate sector occupies a special place in the country’s economy and international economic relations. Large joint stock companies (JSCs) are the basis of the country’s economic potential, as they largely form the budgets of individual communities and the state, provide jobs, create networks of connections with small and medium-sized businesses, etc. The study of the relationship between the corporatization of enterprises and structural changes in the economy of Ukraine will allow to determine the socio-economic effect of the activities of JSCs.Aim: The research aimed to identify the socio-economic effect of the development of the corporate sector in the economy of Ukraine and justification of the expediency of government regulation of foreign economic activity of JSCs.Results: The study’s results show a capital accumulation and the dominance of JSCs in low-tech and raw-material sectors. The authors’ findings established that the corporatization process included the transformation of state assets into JSCs and the creation of new financial and industrial conglomerates, mainly in the mining industry and the production of agricultural raw materials. Comparison and generalization of statistical data are carried out as to the nature of foreign economic activities of JSCs. The study identifies a change in the distribution of commodity items towards increase in the share of agricultural raw materials and a tendency towards the reduction of technological chains. It is concluded about descending structural changes and reduction of the technological level of exports.