One of the ways to increase the efficiency of crop production is to maximize the genetic potential of agricultural crops. To do this, it is necessary to create the most favorable, ideal conditions for the growth of plants. At all stages of growth and development of plants there are their own indicators, which should be ideal (optimal). (Research purpose) The research purpose is in developing an algorithm for calculating the parameters of an ideal field on the example of differential fertilization. (Materials and methods) Authors have used mathematical modeling using three basic concepts: responsiveness functions, the digital double of the agroecosystem (field), and the ideal field. The article presents the comparison of the parameters of the real field with the ideal one using a digital double of the real field. (Results and discussion) the parameters of the ideal field has been adjusted taking into account the parameters of the actual field based on the planned yield, requirements for agricultural technology, the used optimization criterion (the target function), and restrictions. In order to make optimal management decisions, along with the agrotechnical requirements for the cultivation of a particular crop, it is necessary to specify the parameters of the ideal field, which must be achieved in the actual field. The article presents the procedure for calculating the ideal field parameters using the example of solid mineral fertilizers. (Conclusions) The article presents an algorithm for calculating the optimal doses of differentiated fertilizer application based on the digital double of a specific field. The dose values are used to refine the parameters of the ideal field and adjust it during the growing season. The algorithm can be used to make optimal management decisions on differentiated seeding, tillage, and the use of plant protection products. As data on the state of soil, plants and knowledge base are accumulated in the form of plant responsiveness functions to certain agro-technical techniques, it is possible to increase the adequacy of the digital double of the actual field and obtain more reliable data for correcting the parameters of the ideal field.

It is impossible to achieve the planned yields, product quality, and economic efficiency in agricultural production using only organic fertilizers. joint application of organic and solid mineral fertilizers solves the problem of replenishing the soil content of nitrogen, phosphorus and other elements used by plants. The authors have carried out the research of new methods of variable-rate application of mineral fertilizers in plant growing, allowing to increase the profitability of agricultural production. (Research purpose) is to develop new methods of variable-rate application of mineral fertilizers in crop production, which will allow increasing the profitability of crop production as compared with the conventional methods of applying fertilizers basing on average field indicators.  (Materials and methods) The authors have developed a calculation technique implemented in the VBA Excel computer program for determining the main indicators: gross output, fertilizer saving, profit, etc. The main variable to change in the calculations is the planned yield based on average field parameters. At the end of the calculation process, the values of the best result for gross harvest output and profit are displayed on the screen. The research objects for the calculation were represented by elementary areas of crop areas of three farms – “Prodresurs”, Agropoligon VIUA, and “Murminskoye” with different soil types: chernozem, loamy, and sandy-loam.  (Results and discussion) The method of proportional variable-rate application of fertilizers on three types of soils gives a stable increase in profit as compared with the application of fertilizers basing on the average field indicators. (Conclusions) Calculations  have shown that under the specified conditions and at the equal yield of 30 c/ha the application of organomineral fertilizers is the most effective, profitability has accounted for 40 percents – on mesopodzol sandy-loam soils; 8.7 percents – on sod-podzolic soils; and 1.3 percents – on black soils. The method of proportional variable-rate application of mineral fertilizers accompanied with variable-rate application of organic fertilizers makes it possible to reduce the amount of mineral fertilizers applied by half.

Abstract. It is noted that for the rational use of pesticides in industrial horticulture, it is necessary to reduce their consumption practicing the local treatment of each plant, uniform distribution of the working fluid at a set rate while treating a tree’s or a shrub’s crown. The analysis of the technical equipment of modern industrial horticulture in Russia reveals an insufficient level of mechanization in terms of managing the parameters of both the technological process and machinery. (Research purpose) To develop an algorithm for calculating the parameters of a boom garden sprayer when treating fruit plants with pesticides, to ensure their high-quality application, reduce losses and eliminate the risks of environmental pollution. (Materials and methods) The research is based on analytical methods of optimization offered by applied mathematics, the theory of choosing the parameters of agricultural mobile machines, criteria for assessing the quality of the working fluid distribution during the fruit plant treatment, data on the crown shape of the trees and shrubs being cultivated. (Results and discussion) It was established that the amount of working fluid per unit length of the perimeter and the quality of distribution depend on the shape of the spray jet distribution diagram, the degree of the distribution diagrams overlap, the distance between the boom and the tree’s or shrub’s axis of symmetry, the distance of the nozzles from the boom, the shape of the distribution diagram. Analytical dependencies were obtained to calculate the rate (dose) of pesticides and the quality of their distribution over the treated surface. (Conclusions) An algorithm for the analytical calculation of a boom garden sprayer parameters was developed, which makes it possible to evaluate the impact on the rate of applying pesticides and on the quality of distributing the pesticide working liquid, characterized by the variation coefficient. At the same time, the following parameters were taken into account: the distribution diagram of the pesticide working fluid, the number of nozzles on the vertical sprayer boom, the height of their location on the boom, the distance from the boom to the crown surface, the distance between the boom and the trunk of the tree treated, the crown perimeter. The algorithm was verified for specific parameter values: the distance of 1.0 meter from the vertical boom to the axis of the tree (shrub) trunk; the distance of 0.5 meter between the nozzles and the vertical bar, the height of the nozzles on the vertical bar of 0.3, 0.8 and 1.3 meter, the working fluid flow rate of 2.5 liters per minute, the coefficient characterizing the distribution diagram of 5.61. The dose of the pesticide working solution to apply was calculated as follows: 174.6 liters per hectare with a coefficient of variation of 4.94 percent, which corresponds to the agrotechnical requirements.

Livestock products are the most important component of the actual total volume of farm produce. A reliable fodder base is required to increase their quantity and quality. The most part of the natural forage lands of the Republic of Kazakhstan is located in areas with insufficient water availability and low soil productivity. When they are used intensively, they are thinned and degraded. Their restoration and improving is possible if effective technologies and technical means are effected. However, the existing methods for improving and restoring forage lands and the technical means for their implementation are not adapted to the natural­climatic and agrobiological features of the zone of Central and Northern Kazakhstan, which feature insufficient moisture supply and low productivity.The main indicator of the effectiveness of the use of fodder crop seeds is their uniform distribution in the soil. However, most of them, due to their poor flowability, form dome structures of different sizes in front of seeding openings, which hinder the seeding process. To increase the flowability of such seeds, they are mixed with sand, sawdust, fertilizer and other materials. However, during the operation of seeders, the mixture is stratified according to its specific gravity. (The research purpose) is to develop a lobe­type agitator, which prevents the formation of a dome over seed holes. (Materials and methods) Theoretical studies have been carried out using the methods of classical and applied mechanics, as well as special sections of higher mathematics. (Results and discussion) The authors have experimentally confirmed the main parameters of the agitator and its resistance to movement in a seed medium. Experimental studies have been carried out on the basis of GOST 31345­2007. The studies have confirmed that a four­lobe agitator with an external radius of 0.06 m and an inclination angle to the plane of rotation 20°, mounted on the fertilizer drill SZS­2.0, has shown a total resistance of 3,042 kg with a design value of 2.925 kg. (Conclusions) The obtained results can be offered to the designers and developers of machines of the considered type when calculating and designing their working elements.

Департамент научно-технологической политики и образования Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Российский научно-исследовательский институт информации и технико-экономических исследований по инженерно-техническому обеспечению агропромышленного комплекса»