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Background The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) call for universal coverage and access to drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) for all by 2030. Access to WASH in schools is one of the priority areas, considering Joint Monitoring Program is lacking the data from many developing countries, particularly, rural areas including Kazakhstan. The aim of the paper is to assess the access to WASH at schools in rural regions of central Kazakhstan. Methods The study was conducted in three rural schools using focus group discussion with school heads, the observation of drinking water and sanitation units, and a questionnaire survey among 166 pupils. All tools cover the set of questions about the availability and the privacy of WASH facilities, accessibility, acceptability to pupils, functionality. Results Results of the study show that the main water source of Algabas and Kerney schools is a centralized piped water supply provided into the school building and 85,91% of pupils from these schools report the uninterrupted availability of water from this source. However, Sartau has its well, and only 51,72% of pupils from this school indicate that water from the main source is continuously available. All toilets are flushing toilets inside of schools and not connected to the centralized sewage system. The maximum number of the toilet is 6 in the Kerney school; however, this amount of toilets is not enough for the number of pupils by the national norms. Majority of pupils (89,15%) report that the school toilets are always available. Nevertheless, 34,87% of pupils indicate no toilet paper as a reason for not using the school toilet. Handwashing facilities are located near the toilets and in classrooms. Only 53,02% have soap available and 42,77% have access to hand drying facilities after handwashing. Conclusions The current study shows rural schools of Central Kazakhstan are not provided with sufficient materials for pupils to manage personal hygiene appropriately. Key messages The study is essential for mapping the situation of WASH in schools. This study provides the baseline data for JMP; consequently, it is crucial to plan the UN SDGs in Kazakhstan.

mine the impact of parameter uncertainty. Results: With universal vaccination at a cost per dose of Php 624 for PCV10 and Php 700 for PCV13, both PCVs are costeffective compared to no vaccination given the ceiling threshold of Php 120,000 per QALY gained, yielding ICERs of Php 68,182 and Php 54,510 for PCV10 and PCV13, respectively. Partial vaccination of 25% of the birth cohort resulted in significantly higher ICER values (Php 112,640 for PCV10 and Php 84,654 for PCV13) due to loss of herd protection. The budget impact analysis reveals that universal vaccination would cost Php 3.87 billion to 4.34 billion per annual, or 1.6 to 1.8 times the budget of the current national vaccination program. ConClusions: The inclusion of PCV in the national immunization program is recommended. PCV13 achieved better value for money compared to PCV10. However, the affordability and sustainability of PCV implementation over the long-term should be considered by decision makers.objeCtives: The objective of this study is to assess the value for money of introducing pneumococcal conjugate vaccines as part of the immunization program in a lower-middle income country, the Philippines, which is not eligible for GAVI support and lower vaccine prices. It also includes the newest clinical evidence evaluating the efficacy of PCV10, which is lacking in other previous studies. Methods: A cost-utility analysis was conducted. A Markov simulation model was constructed to examine the costs and consequences of PCV10 and PCV13 against the current scenario of no PCV vaccination for a lifetime horizon. A health system perspective was employed to explore different funding schemes, which include universal or partial vaccination coverage subsidized by the government. Results were presented as incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) in Philippine peso (Php) per QALY gained (1 USD = 44.20 Php). Probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed to deter-

Currently, there are not normative‐legal acts regulating informative cooperation of these organizations in Kazakhstan. We carried out content‐analysis of productive activity indicators for 2008‐2012 years in seventeen Blood Centers of Donorshipindicators: the number of removed handling at the stage before blood donorship. Specific density of absolute rejectsin general numberof Transfusions increased to 1, 24% in 2012compared with 2008 in comparative measures in Kazakhstan. Specific densityof rejects on hemotransmissible infections composes 7, 0% in 2012 on the average in The Republic of Kazakhstan. Strong insignificant growth of the number of rejection on the stage before blood donorshipis noted. Average index composed 14, 2% in 2008, 15, 4% in 2009,15, 6% in 2010,and 15, 8% in 2011. Thus, on the basis of data,obtained in the result of analysis of efficiency of blood donors selection process organization on the stage before blood donorship, we made plan of priority directions on perfection of donorship of blood and its components in Blood Service of Kazakhstan; it is appropriately to develop the national standards of donors selection, based on epidemiology data on the country and on population segment; for information obtaining about persons not subject to participating in a donorshipit is legislatively to define the order of cooperation between concerned parties.

AIM: The aim of the study was to study the working time costs of general practitioners (GPs) providing primary health care (PHC) to the population on an outpatient basis, especially during a global pandemic. METHODS: A temporary study of the workflow of 28 GPs in 14 pilot medical organizations was conducted. RESULTS: The largest share of the costs of working time of a GP when visiting one patient in outpatient appointments is accounted for working with medical documentation (50.2%). Up to 38.2% of the working time is spent on the main activity when visiting a GP by one patient. For other types of activities – 11.6%. CONCLUSION: As a result of a time-lapse study of the workflow of GPs providing PHC at an outpatient appointment, the weighted average costs of working time of the GP during a visit by one patient (15.1 ± 0.2 min) were determined.