АБ-атеросклеротическая бляшка, АГ-артериальная гипертензия, АД-артериальное давление, ИБС-ишемическая болезнь сердца, КА-коронарные артерии, КРС-кардиоренальный синдром, РААСренинангиотензинальдостероновая система, СКФ-скорость клубочковой фильтрации, ССЗ-сердечнососудистые заболевания, ФР-факторы риска, ХПН-хроническая почечная недостаточность, ХСН-хроническая сердечная недостаточность. Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is one of the most important problems in contemporary medicine, due to high values of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular and renal systems. Hence the presence of CRS significantly potentiates the risk of heart and kidney disease progression. The most important step of CRS is tissues and organs remodeling that leads to irreversibility of changes. At the date the problem of renal tissue changes is well known and covered in relevance to the malfunctioning, for patients with cardiovascular pathology. The role of renal arteries and their first level significance in development and progression of cardiovascular diseases remains under discussed. The article provides the main data on renal arteries remodeling and their place at the initiation and progression of CRS, as demonstrating a very high significance of the function and structure assessment for risk of the most socially important cardiovascular diseases.

Relevance. The modern approach to prognostication of the course of renal carcinoma requires identification of the biological markers, which determine the key properties of the tumor in particular cases. The purpose of this study is to clarify the nature of expression of the molecules connected with the phenotype of the cancer stem cell (CD133, N-cadherin), TGF-α growth factor for tubular epithelium, and carboanhydrase IX (CA-IX) - one of the key molecules connected with VHL by the molecular way of carcinogenesis in cases of renal cancer. Materials and methods. We studied 61 observations of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The immunohystochemical examination was based on a panel of antibodies, which included antibodies to TGF-α (Аbcam), N-cadgerin (M3613 clone; Dako), CD133 (Prominin-1, Biorbyt), carboanhydrase IX (CAIX; NCL-L-CAIX, Leica Biosystems). The degree of the markers' expression was evaluated by a semiquantitative method depending on the content of the positive-reaction cells in the tumor. The differences between the compared groups were identified through the use of the Mann-Whitney U test and the chi-squared test. Results. Expression of TGF-α was found in 36 observations (59%) of RCC. TGF-α was most frequently present in the papillary (100%) and the clear-cell (55.9%) versions, and only rarely in chromophobic carcinoma (23.1%). A connection was found between the expression level of this marker and the neoplastic differentiation degree (p < 0.05). Expression of N-cadgerin was met in 38 observations (62.3%), CD133 occurred in 37 observations of renal carcinoma (60.6%). N-cadgerin and CD133 were found in the clear-cell and the papillary versions of RCC. There was a connection between the expression of N-cadgerin in the tumor and its invasive potential (p < 0.05). A higher occurrence rate of CD133 expression was recorded in the patients with metastatic forms of RCC, and also in cases of sarcomatoid transformation of the tumor (p < 0.05). Expression of carboanhydrase IX (CA-IX) occurred in 35 observations (57.4%). It was found in the clear-cell version of RCC. In cases of symptomatic RCC, expression of CA-IX was more frequently met (p < 0.05). There was a consistent association between the expression of CA-IX and the tumor size, stage and invasive potential. (For citation: Pasechnik DG, Kogan MI, Akhokhov ZM. The features of expression and prognostic significance of the peptide molecules connected with the key properties of renal cell carcinoma. Urologicheskie vedomosti. 2017;7(4):5-16. doi: 10.17816/uroved745-16).

Background: Current assessment methods of penile cavernous fibrosis in animal models have limitations due to the inability to provide complex and volume analysis of fibrotic alterations. Objective:The aim was to evaluate micro-computed tomography for assessment of cavernous fibrosis and compare it with histological, histochemical, immunohistochemical, and RT-PCR analysis. Materials and methods:A controlled trial was performed involving 25 New Zealand male rabbits with induced testosterone deficiency by orchidectomy. Penile samples were obtained before and after 7, 14, 21, and 84 days from orchidectomy. We consistently performed (a) gray value analysis of corpora cavernosa 3D models reconstructed after micro-computed tomography, (b) morphometry of smooth muscles/connective tissue ratio, collagen type I/III ratio, and area of TGF-beta-1 expression in corpora cavernosa, and (c) RT-PCR of TGF-beta-1 expression.Results: Micro-computed tomography allowed visualization of penile structures at a resolution comparable to light microscopy. Gray values of corpora cavernosa decreased from 1673 (1512-1773) on the initial day to 1184 (1089-1232) on the 21st day (p < 0.005). However, on the 84th day, it increased to 1610 (1551-1768). On 21st and 84th days, there was observed a significant decrease in smooth muscle/connective tissue ratio and a significant increase in collagen type I/III ratio (p < 0.05). TGF-beta1 expression increased on the 84th day according to immunohistochemistry (p < 0.005).RT-PCR was impossible to conduct due to the absence of RNA in obtained samples after micro-CT.Discussion and conclusions: Micro-computed tomography provided 3D visualization of entire corpora cavernosa and assessment of radiodensity alterations by gray value

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The article presents data on post-covid disorders of internal organs and systems with an emphasis on involvement in the pathological process of the gastrointestinal tract. The authors showed a high frequency of grastroenterological changes detected endoscopically: GERD of varying degrees of manifestation - 63%, inflammatory changes in the stomach (superficial, atrophic, hemorrhagic, erosive gastritis) - in 46%, damage to the duodenum and jejunum - in 12% and inflammatory changes in the ileum - 9% in the form of hemorrhages of varying degrees of prescription against the background of edematous pastous hyperemic folds, of which 4% had single or multiple erosions up to 3 mm, located in different parts of the small intestine, and 20% had lymphangiectasia of varying severity (in 4% of them in the form of “confluent fields” over several segments of the small intestine), epithelial formations of the upper gastrointestinal tract (hyperplasia, early cancer, GIST, neuroendocrine formations) - in 11%, inflammatory diseases of the colon (CD, UC) - in 4%, epithelial formations of the colon - 17%, diverticula of the colon - 8%. In 3 patients, solitary colon ulcers were found, located in the sigmoid and rectum. The effectiveness of the inclusion in the complex therapy of the recombinant interferon alfa 2-b in combination with vitamins E and C of post-covid changes in the gastrointestinal mucosa, especially solitary ulcers, has been shown