The 40-60-year-old patients with knee OA more commonly develop symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency than their healthy peers. Although obesity is a risk factor for both diseases, there is an independent association between knee OA and lower extremity VVD.

Цель исследования-изучить распространенность и особенности табакокурения среди медицинских работников с учетом гендерной и профессиональной структуры государственных учреждений здравоохранения. Материал и методы. В 2013 г. в двух случайно отобранных лечебно-профилактических учреждениях (ЛПУ) уровня городской или районной многопрофильной больницы было проведено сплошное анонимное анкетирование врачей и медицинских сестер с использованием модифицированной анкеты GATS (кросс-секционное исследование распространенности). Всего были опрошены 774 медицинских работника (отклик 64%), из них женщины составляли 90%, 67% из которых работали медицинскими сестрами. Средний возраст респондентов-44 года. Выборка исследования достаточно точно отражала демографические особенности и профессиональную структуру здравоохранения РФ. Результаты и обсуждение. Распространенность табакокурения среди медицинских работников составила 23,1%, что было на 16% ниже, чем в общей популяции, но соответствовало частоте курения среди женщин в РФ. Среди медицинских сестер курили 22,8%, при этом они составляли 62% из всех курильщиков в ЛПУ. Среди женщин-врачей курили только 13,5%, что было в 2 раза меньше, чем среди женщин с высшим образованием в общей популяции. При этом врачебный статус существенно снижал распространенность ежедневного табакокурения независимо от пола и возраста респондентов: скорректированное отношение распространенностей (OP) составило 0,61; 95% доверительный интервал (ДИ) 0,41-0,90. В сравнении с общей популяцией РФ медицинские работники курили меньше сигарет в день и при этом были существенно сильнее мотивированы к отказу. Заключение. Распространенность табакокурения среди медицинских сестер соответствует популяционной, при этом женщины-средние медицинские работники являются основной группой курильщиков в многопрофильных государственных ЛПУ. Врачи, особенно женщины, курят существенно меньше, как в сравнении с медицинскими сестрами, так и в сравнении с лицами с высшим образованием из общей популяции. Кроме того, для курящих медицинских работников характерна меньшая интенсивность курения и более высокая мотивация к отказу.

Introduction: Both smoking and heavy drinking have been consistently shown to be associated with social factors, such as age, gender and education, although their relative importance vary across populations. Aim: To assess the prevalence and social correlates of tobacco smoking and hazardous drinking among industrial workers in the Sverdlovsk region of Russia. Methods: Altogether, 2 432 employees (59 % men) of industrial enterprises of Sverdlovsk region took part in a cross-sectional study during annual medical checkup in 2015 using the WHO STEPS questionnaire. For this study only data on smoking, hazardous drinking, age, gender and education were used. Multiple logistic regression analysis was applied to study independent associations between smoking and hazardous alcohol consumption as dependent variables and education, age, gender and body mass index. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Results: The prevalence of daily smoking was 45.2 % and 16.6 % among men and women, respectively. The corresponding numbers for hazardous drinking were 18.4 % and 10.2 %. The highest prevalence of both smoking and drinking were among 25-34 year-olds. Primary (OR = 3.2, 95 % CI: 2.0-5.3) and secondary (OR = 2.6, 95 % CI: 1.5-2.4) education were independently associated with higher prevalence of smoking. For associations between education and hazardous alcohol consumption the corresponding odds ratios were 2.7 (95 % CI: 1.5-4.6) and 1.8 (95 % CI: 1.3-2.5). Conclusions: Female employees in the Sverdlovsk region were more likely to smoke while men were less likely to drink heavily compared to the general population. Gender and education were significantly associated with both smoking and hazardous drinking. The youngest age-group had the highest prevalence of the studied unhealthy behaviors.

Introduction Hypertension is the most common cardiovascular disease (CVD) and a major cause of premature death. Study of age/gender-related and social aspects of the disease, and the assessment of the efficacy of antihypertensive treatment are essential elements of the epidemiological monitoring of hypertension and support a reasonable approach to planning further therapeutic and preventive interventions.Objective Assess the prevalence of hypertension in the working-age population, examine the relationship between hypertension patterns and level of education of respondents taking into account age, gender, and the main aspects of lifestyle.Materials and Methods The study included industrial workers who underwent a routine medical examination in September–November 2015. A total of 2432 subjects (59% males and 41% of females) were surveyed. The study design is cross-sectional, analytic. Methods used: anonymous questionnaire surveys using the WHO STEPS questionnaire, anthropometric measurements, BP measurement. Questions about hypertension included awareness of the presence of the disease and the administration of antihypertensive drugs. Hypertension was diagnosed with systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥140 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥90 mm Hg, or in the case of the administration of antihypertensive drugs. The efficacy of treatment was assessed by the percentage of patients who had reached the target BP values (<140/90 mm Hg), including treated with antihypertensive drugs. The control of hypertension was judged by the percentage of patients with the target BP levels among all respondents with hypertension.Results Hypertension was diagnosed in 40% of the study subjects. The disease was more prevalent in males (odds ratio (OR) = 1.21), overweight, and obese patients (OR = 2.5) and less prevalent in subjects with higher education (OR = 0.6). No significant association of lifestyle (smoking, alcohol abuse, eating fruits and vegetables, physical activity) with the prevalence of hypertension was revealed. 76% of respondents with hypertension knew about their disease (51% among those who did not take antihypertensive drugs). Awareness was higher in patients with severe hypertension (OR = 2.5), overweight and obese patients (OR = 1.96), and respondents with higher education (OR = 1.55), being significantly lower in males (OR = 0.44). 50% of respondents with hypertension (52% of those with severe hypertension) took antihypertensive drugs with males twice less often than females (OR = 0.49). The target BP levels were detected in 39% of patients taking antihypertensive drugs, less frequently in males (OR = 0.63) and overweight patients (OR = 0.48), and significantly more frequently in patients with higher education (OR = 2.28), regardless their lifestyle.Conclusion The prevalence of hypertension in working patients was 40%. Males were more likely to suffer hypertension and less aware of their disease. The target blood pressure levels were less frequently observed in males during the treatment. On the other hand, patients with higher education had a lower prevalence of hypertension, significantly higher awareness of the disease and efficacy of the treatment than those who had secondary or primary school education. Overall, the study confirmed that the sample of industrial workers could be a reliable source for monitoring hypertension. The significant gender differences and an independent protective effect of the level of education were identified in the epidemiology of hypertension, which should be taken into account in further studies.