The paper analyzes the literature data on the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of malignant neoplasms (MN). Cytokines are biologically active, hormone-like proteins that regulate a wide range of processes occurring in the body. Cytokines determine the type and duration of the immune response, stimulation or suppression of cell growth, their differentiation, and functional activity. The complex of cytokines produced in the tumor microenvironment plays an important role in the pathogenesis of MN. The spectra of biological activities of cytokines overlap in most cases. The same process in a cell can be stimulated by more than one cytokine, creating a favorable environment for the initiation and progression of MN. The immune system can recognize transformed cells. Various cytokines correspond to specifc pathways activated by receptors on the cell surface, which in turn cause intracellular signaling cascades that affect target cellular functions. Cytokine genes are mutually related to oncogenes. Cytokines, which are released in response to infection, inflammation, or during an immune response to an antigen, can inhibit tumor development. In turn, cytokines, which weaken apoptosis and promote invasion and metastasis, promote tumor growth. Cytokines are involved in the initiation, development and metastasis of malignant neoplasms through various mechanisms.
It is well established that cohorts of individuals exposed to ionizing radiation demonstrate increased risks of cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases. However, mechanisms of these radiation-induced diseases developing in individuals exposed to ionizing radiation remain unclear. To identify biomarkers of the atherosclerotic vessel damage in workers chronically exposed to ionizing radiation, this study considered 49 workers of the Russian nuclear production facility—the Mayak Production Association (mean age of 68.73 ± 6.92 years)—and 38 unexposed individuals (mean age of 68.84 ± 6.20 y) who had never been exposed to ionizing radiation (control). All workers were chronically exposed to combined radiation (external gamma rays and internal alpha particles). The mean cumulative liver absorbed dose from external gamma-ray exposure was 0.18 ± 0.12 Gy; the mean cumulative liver absorbed dose from internal alpha-particles was 0.14 ± 0.21 Gy. Levels of biomarkers in blood serum of the study participants were measured using the ELISA method. Elevated levels of apolipoprotein B, superoxide dismutase, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, vascular cell adhesion protein 1, and a decreased level of endothelin-1 were observed in blood serum of Mayak PA workers chronically exposed to combined radiation compared to control individuals. A significant positive correlation was demonstrated between the vascular cell adhesion protein 1 level and cumulative liver absorbed doses from external gamma radiation and internal alpha radiation. Findings of the study suggest that molecular changes in blood of individuals occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation (combined internal exposure to alpha particles and external exposure to gamma rays) may indicate dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction involved in atherosclerosis development.
It is well established that cohorts of individuals exposed to ionizing radiation exhibit increased risks for cardiovascular diseases. Currently, the role of immune system in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is actively studied. Meanwhile, the immunomodulatory effects of irradiation in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in the persons exposed to ionizing radiation still remain unclear. The aim of this research was to study the effect of ionizing radiation upon lymphocyte subpopulations involved in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The lymphocyte subpopulations were studied in peripheral blood of the workers chronically exposed to occupational combined radiation versus a control group. The study considered 72 workers of the Russian nuclear production facility, the Mayak Industrial Association (mean age of 72.1±10.9 years), and 72 control individuals (mean age of 70.7±9.2 years). All the workers were chronically exposed to combined radiation (external gamma-rays and internal alpha-particles). The mean cumulative dose absorbed by red bone marrow from external gamma-ray exposure was 0.750±0.699 Gy; the mean cumulative absorbed dose to red bone marrow from internal alpha-particles was 0.072±0.092 Gy. The relative and absolute numbers of lymphocyte subpopulations (total T-cells, T-helpers, T-cytotoxic, total B-cells, NK-cells and T-NK-cells) were detected by flow cytofluorometry. The absolute number of CD3+CD19+T-lymphocytes was significantly lower in the individuals exposed to chronic irradiation, compared with the controls (1658.8±694.3 x 106/l and 1988.4±1045.4 x 106/l, respectively). The relative number of CD3+CD4+T-helpers and CD3+CD8+T-cytotoxic lymphocytes was significantly higher in individuals exposed to chronic irradiation. Relative number of T-helpers in the main group was 42.4±8.8% vs 35.3±8.7% in controls; the relative number of T-cytotoxic lymphocytes was 27.6±9.5%, and 23.3±6.5%, respectively. A significant negative correlation was revealed between absolute number of T-lymphocytes and cumulative absorbed doses to bone marrow from external gamma irradiation (correlation quotient r = -0,53565, p = 0,000001) and internal alpha sources (r = -0.54804, p = 0.0000006). This correlation may indicate a relationship between these changes (decreased absolute numbers of T cells) and occupational exposure rates. The increased relative number of T-helpers and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes confirm an assumption that specific antigens may cause an enhanced immune response during the development of atherosclerosis in exposed individuals.
Некоторые субпопуляции лимфоцитов у лиц, подвергшихся внутриутробному облучениюФедеральное государственное унитарное предприятие Южно-Уральский институт биофизики Федерального медико-биологического агентства, 456780, г. Озерск, Российская Федерация Резюме Введение. Известно, что в период внутриутробного развития формирующийся организм особенно чувствителен к неблагоприятным воздействиям. Радиационно-опосредованные иммунологические нарушения играют важную роль в формировании не только ранних, но и отдаленных последствий облучения. В структуре синдромов иммунной недостаточности преобладали аллергический и аутоиммунный синдромы. Наиболее полно изучено состояние иммунитета у лиц, проживавших в бассейне реки Теча и подвергшихся хроническому радиационному воздействию в результате сбросов жидких радиоактивных отходов ПО «Маяк». В отдаленном периоде наблюдения в этой группе лиц зарегистрированы различные нарушения врожденного и адаптивного иммунитета.Цель настоящего исследования -оценка субпопуляционного состава лимфоцитов у лиц, подвергшихся внутриутробному облучению, в отдаленном периоде после облучения.Материал и методы. В исследовании проанализированы основные субпопуляции лимфоцитов у 56 человек: 29 лиц, подвергшихся внутриутробному облучению (23 женщины и 6 мужчин), и 27 лиц группы сравнения (25 женщин, 2 мужчин). Возраст обследованных -от 52 до 72 лет. Содержание основных субпопуляций лимфоцитов определяли с помощью проточной цитофлуориметрии.Результаты. Не выявлено отклонений в абсолютном и относительном содержании субпопуляций лимфоцитов. Установлена тенденция к снижению количества лимфоцитов, экспрессирующих маркер ранней активации CD25 с увеличением суммарной дозы внешнего γ-облучения матери в период беременности.Обсуждение. Полученные данные о субпопуляционном составе лимфоцитов согласуются с результатами обследования лиц, проживавших в бассейне реки Теча и подвергшихся внутриутробному облучению в результате сбросов жидких радиоактивных отходов ПО «Маяк», в ходе которого также не выявлено изменений субпопуляционного состава лимфоцитов у внутриутробно облученных лиц. Выявленная тенденция к снижению относительного количества лимфоцитов, экспрессирующих маркер ранней активации CD25, у лиц, подвергшихся внутриутробному облучению, с увеличением суммарной поглощенной в костном мозге дозы внешнего γ-излучения в период беременности матери согласуется с результатами экспериментальных исследований.Заключение. В результате исследования лиц, подвергшихся внутриутробному облучению, не выявлено отклонений в основных субпопуляциях лимфоцитов. Обнаружена тенденция к снижению относительного количества лимфоцитов, экспрессирующих маркер ранней активации CD25 у лиц, подвергшихся внутриутробному облучению, с увеличением суммарной поглощенной в костном мозге дозы внешнего γ-излучения в период беременности матери.
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