Introduction. Kidney cancer remains an urgent problem in modern oncology. More than 200 thousand new cases of kidney cancer are diagnosed globally every year, with about 100 thousand patients dying. 15–17% of patients are diagnosed with stage IV kidney cancer. Arterial tumour embolization and nephrectomy are used as a palliative treatment.Aim. To evaluate the results of renal artery embolization in combined treatment of stage IV kidney cancer.Material and methods. The treatment results of 22 patients with stage IV kidney cancer are presented: 6 patients had metastases in the skeletal bones; 15 — metastases in the lungs; 1 — bilateral kidney damage. At the first stage, all patients underwent renal artery embolization. Subsequently, 6 patients received bisphosphonates and radiation therapy for metastases in the skeletal bones, 15 patients underwent operation followed by a targeted therapy with Sunitinib and Sorafenib), 1 patient with bilateral kidney damage underwent operation followed by a 2-year targeted therapy with Sorafenib.Results and discussion. Renal artery embolization was performed successfully without technical difficulties in all the patients. After embolization, hemostasis was achieved in all patients with hematuria (n = 14). Postembolization syndrome was noted in 13 patients with total renal artery embolization. 6 patients with metastases in the skeletal bones lived for 16.4 ± 2.1 months, the survival time of 15 patients who received renal artery embolization, nephrectomy and targeted therapy was 41.7 ± 15.3 months. Only one patient (bilateral kidney damage) has been under dynamic observation for the period of 10 years.Conclusion. Renal artery embolization is an effective and minimally invasive technical procedure that should be used in the combined treatment of patients with kidney cancer. The combined use of renal artery embolization and subsequent targeted therapy for kidney cancer provide new opportunities for stage IV combined treatment.

Introduction. Benign mammary gland tumors constitute a group of heterogeneous diseases with a complex clinical and morphological structure that complicates timely diagnosis and terminological designation of pathological processes. They are of great interest because of their possible background for oncologic pathology. The most widespread disease is mastopathy, its occurrence rate in the population reaches 40%. The incidence of mastopathies increases by the age of 45 years, and then tends to decrease in the pre- and postmenopausal periods. The purpose of the review was to evaluate and analyze the literature data on the presented problem in recent years. Materials and methods. Publications of domestic and foreign authors on benign breast neoplasms and risk factors of this pathology over the past 20 years have been included in the article. Literature search was performed in the systems Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Elibrary. Results and discussion. Etiopathogenetic factors in patients with benign mammary gland tumors play a paramount role, substantiating the necessity of prognostication and prevention of the disease. Risk factors for these diseases include hereditary, hormonal, neuropsychological, reproductive data, age, lactation, inflammation, trauma, smoking, and others. Conclusion. The current dynamic of increasing the incidence of benign mammary tumors has been noted, but no specific risk factors for this group of diseases have been identified, as they are multifactorial, associated with genetic causes, somatic health data, and environmental influences. Not all women are equally at risk of developing breast diseases, the reasons characterizing the individual propensity for this pathology have been identified. The risk factors do not cause the development of the disease, but considerably increase its probability. The study of predisposing risk factors for the development of tumor processes in the mammary glands in order to diagnose them early gives an opportunity to improve the results and prognosis of treatment.

Introduction. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignant neoplasm of the liver. During the early stages, HCC is asymptomatic, which makes X-ray examination a particularly important diagnostic tool. According to WHO data, the mortality rate from HCC was 782,000 in 2018. HCC is associated with a number of risk factors: a high viral load, liver cirrhosis, detected HBeAg and elevated serum HBsAg levels. Inhibitors of tyrosine kinase receptors increase the overall survival and progression-free survival rates in patients with metastatic HCC. In this article, we conduct an analysis of results of the REFLECT study obtained for Russian patients by the Republican Clinical Oncological Dispensary, Ufa.Materials and methods. The experimental group included 9 patients (52.9%) receiving Lenvatinib. The control group included 8 patients (47.1%)) underwent therapy with Sorafenib at a dose of 800 mg per day 7 (41.17%) patients had a history of chronic hepatitis, of which hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis C was confirmed in 6 and 1 cases, respectively.Results and discussion. Over the period from 2017 up to the present, progression-free survival was observed in three patients (17.6%), of which 2 and 1 received Lenvatinib and Sorafenib, respectively. Overall survival was 10.5 months. The median overall survival rate in the experimental and control groups was 9.8 and 11.2 months, respectively. These parameters are considered comparable, provided that the sample was small.Conclusions. The use of Lenvatinib demonstrated the efficacy comparable to that of Sorafenib in terms of the overall survival rate in patients with inoperable HCC. Lenvatinib allowed statistically and clinically significant improvement in the progression-free survival and time to progression to be achieved.

This brief review is devoted to the role of tertiary lymphoid structures in oncological processes. A number of research studies carried out over the past ten years have shed light on the functions of such structures in various diseases, as well as their role in the progression of the pathological process or resolution of a disease. The data presented in some research works confirms the relationship between the presence of tumour-specific (tumour-associated) tertiary lymphoid structures and a favourable prognosis in patients with various oncological diseases, which suggests the participation of tertiary lymphoid structures in effective local antitumour immune responses. However, no reliable evidence has so far been obtained that could confirm the contribution of tertiary lymphoid structures to immune processes in vivo, with the available information being largely of a correlative character. It should be emphasized that the clinical significance of tertiary lymphoid structures ranges from a destructive to protective impact, which indicates the need for an improved understanding of the structure and case-specific function of these organs before conducting clinical targeting.