The article explores the dynamics of the image of V.I. Chapaev in the Soviet and post-Soviet media space. Using the theory of post-memory by M. Hirsch and S. O’Donoghue as methodology of research, the author analyzes the transformation of the main characteristics of the image, its place in Russian historical memory and in the cultural tradition. V.I. Chapaev became one of the most significant characters in the Soviet cultural tradition. After the fall of the Soviet Union the image of Chapaev however retained its significance in the context of rethinking the Soviet heritage. The article highlights the following stages of transformation of V.I. Chapaev’s image: the inclusion in the "founding myth" and gradual transformation into a Soviet epic hero (crowding out collective trauma); debunking the heroic status within the framework of the "carnival culture" and turning into a character of anecdotes (de-traumatization in the process of post-memory formation); transformation into a hero of Internet memes (transformation of post-memory and de-actualization of the themes of the Civil War). The author argues that the burst of memes depicting Chapaev in 2020 demonstrates a post-ironic attitude to the Black Lives Matter movement in Russian society. The author concludes that the fact that Chapaev’s image was included in a fundamentally different political and cultural context demonstrates that the symbolic potential of the Civil War memory in Russia is entirely exhausted and can no longer serve as a tool for the formation of commemorative practices.
The article is devoted to the study of local theological discourses of the Russian Orthodox Church in the context of the specifics of the "young regions" of Russia. The application of the methodological ideas of P. Bourdieu, B. Latour and S. Jäger allowed to analyze the specifics of the interaction of the main actors of symbolic politics in the Lipetsk region, as well as to identify the place and role of the Lipetsk Metropolis with each of them. It was revealed that the Lipetsk Metropolis is striving not so much for competition and dominance in the symbolic space of the region, as it is trying to strengthen the religious dimension and interpretation of the history of the region, developing interaction with each of the actors of the politics of memory. This makes it possible to further strengthen the potential of the Metropolis in the rapid mobilization of resources to promote its own memorial projects, which in the region are primarily associated with the restoration of churches and monasteries. The study revealed five main discursive strategies of the Metropolis as an actor in the politics of memory, associated with the desire to present the history of the region as the history of the formation of Orthodoxy, to present the Lipetsk land as the defender of Russia, with active participation in military commemorations, the desire to interpret the important role of the era of Peter I in the development of Russian Orthodoxy, as well as selective criticism of the Soviet historical experience.
The article analyzes theoretical models of historical responsibility and the peculiarities of their application in the context of modern media presentations. A comparative analysis of the models of historical responsibility in modern foreign philosophy and social and humanitarian knowledge clearly indicates the dominance of the universalist and constructivist approaches in understanding historical responsibility. In the latter case, it is viewed as a social practice that develops within a certain community and is focused on appropriation or participation in the distribution of symbolic capital. Historical responsibility is a “tense” relationship of the emerging sociocultural situation, where the discursive practices of historical responsibility (imparting guilt; identifying victims, criminals, participants, observers) turn out to be a kind of a mechanism of symbolic dominance in the political space. This state of affairs cannot escape the influence of, first of all, the media. They turn out to be an environment for the actualization and transformation of historical responsibility discourses that begin to obey the media's logic, goals and objectives. Based on the methodological ideas of Pierre Bourdieu's theory of symbolic struggle and sociophilosophical analysis, the scientist, instrumentalist and pluralistic media strategies in relation to the discourse of historical responsibility were identified and analyzed. The main criterion for highlighting these media strategies was the role of the history researchers' professional community. Each of them was presented in the context of opportunities and risks. The analysis shows that, in the modern symbolic space, these strategies are blended, as a result of which various subjects of historical responsibility not only contribute to the fragmentation of space, but also create potentially conflict-prone clusters. In the context of works by A. Rigney, A. Erll, M. Rothberg, L. Bond, and R. Crownshaw, the article demonstrates that the blending of media strategies is especially noticeable in the context of new transcultural and cross-border ways of collective memory dynamics, when the familiar images of the victim, the criminal, the participant, and the observer find themselves in new interpretative contexts of the host culture, the historical politics of the host society, and the dynamics of its transgenerational values.
ТРАВМЫ КУЛЬТУРНОЙ ПАМЯТИ: КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ И МЕТОДОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВАНИЯ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯИсследование выполнено за счет средств гранта Российского научного фонда (проект № 17-78-20149).Разбираются концепции травм и рассматриваются методологические основания применения понятия «травма» в исследованиях. Психологическая трактовка акцентирует внимание на носителях травмы, социологическая -ориентирована на изучение механизмов репрезентации травматического прошлого и медиастратегий его передачи. Также разрабатывается типология культурных травм, которую можно использовать для изучения динамики исторической памяти в условиях социальных изменений. Ключевые слова: историческая память; травма; репрезентация; историческая справедливость; травматический дискурс; коммерциализация прошлого.Травма: постановка вопроса. Расширение и углубление проблематики «memory studies» приводит к пересечению анализа исторической памяти с другими направлениями гуманитарных исследований, сформировавшимися во второй половине XX в. Одним из таких направлений является изучение культурных травм, активно развивающееся в зарубежной, прежде всего американской, гуманитарной науке. При этом, как и в любом институализирующемся дискурсе, в исследованиях травм встречается категориальная неопределенность или чрезмерная метафоричность, что, с одной стороны, делает работы исследователей доступными даже для непрофессиональных читателей, но с другой -затрудняет научную концептуализацию предмета исследования. Вместе с тем, возникнув в конкретном социокультурном контексте, понятие «травма» достаточно быстро продемонстрировало свою универсальность и способность концептуально выразить суть явлений, которые территориально и хронологически удалены друг от друга. Несмотря на то, что часть работ основоположников этой проблематики уже переведена на русский язык, ощущается недостаток исследований, предлагающих упорядоченную классификацию и методологический анализ существующих подходов [1. С. 11-22].Социкультурным контекстом для постановки вопроса о травмах стали психологические последствия тех войн и конфликтов, в которых принимали участие американские военные в XX в., прежде всего война в Корее и война во Вьетнаме. Так называемый «вьетнамский синдром» вызвал к жизни потребность в осмыслении травмирующих воспоминаний и поиске способов борьбы с ними. Поэтому вполне закономерно, что основным профессиональным сообществом, заинтересованным в практическом и теоретическом изучении данного вопроса, стали американские психиатры. Первоначальной целью их деятельности являлась медикализация «вьетнамского синдрома», что подразумевало его включение в классификацию психических заболеваний. Но в процессе дальнейшего изучения военного опыта выяснилось, что диагностированные симптомы имеют более универсальную
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