The xylose-assimilating capacity of yeast Pachysolen tannophilus to utilize sugars in spent sulphite liquor samples (pulp mill waste) with a different concentration of hexoses and pentoses was studied. The consumption of hexoses (D-glucose, D-mannose, D-galactose) and pentose (D-xylose) in such substrates reached 90.0-97.5% and 49.12-67.45%, respectively. The ethanol production from sugars in spent sulphite liquor by different strains of the yeast P. tannophilus was demonstrated. The maximum specific rate and ethanol yield reached 9.32-11.45 g l-1 and 0.28-0.37 g g sugars-1, respectively. Thus, the principle possibility of using xylose-assimilating P. tannophilus yeast to obtain bioethanol from sulfite liquor with a different ratio of hexoses and pentoses was proved. According to theoretical calculations, this method will provide up to 42.6 liters of ethanol from 100 kg of sulfite liquor containing 55.6% D-xylose, 24.7% D-glucose, 8.7% D-mannose, 7.6% D-galactose, 3.7% L-arabinose. A future-oriented perspective on bioethanol production from pulp and paper industry wastes by the yeast P. tannophilus is considered.

Резюме: Конверсия бытовых и производственных отходов, содержащих лигноцеллюлозу, в ра знообразные целевые продукты (источники биоэнергии, органические кислоты, сахарозамен ители и т.д.) является одним из приоритетных направлений государственной экологической п олитики Российской Федерации. Однако рентабельность переработки субстратов, полученных в ходе гидролиза таких вторичных источников сырья, определяется возможностью микроби ологической утилизации не только гексоз (D-глюкоза, D-манноза, D-галактоза), но и пентоз (D-ксилоза, L-арабиноза). Цель настоящего обзора-обсуждение перспектив использования микроорганизмов для утилизации пентоз лигноцеллюлозы, а также проблем, возникающих на пути технологической реализации этого процесса. В обзоре приведены современные данные о спе ктре про-и эукариотических микроорганизмов, обеспечивающих деструкцию лигноцеллюлозы и утилизацию ее структурных компонентов в природных экосистемах. Представлена краткая характеристика механизма действия ферментов лигниназного, целлюлазного и гемицеллюла зного комплексов. Выделены основные проблемы, сдерживающие применение энзиматического гидролиза многокомпонентных бытовых и промышленных отходов лигноцеллюлозы. Рассмо трены факторы, определяющие селективность катаболизма пентоз у мицелиальных грибов, бактерий и дрожжей. Определен спектр целевых продуктов биоконверсии пентоз лигноцелл юлозы, имеющих народно-хозяйственную значимость. Обсуждаются способы комплексной микробиологической утилизации разнообразных бытовых и сельскохозяйственных отходов, а также возможность вовлечения в данный процесс побочных продуктов промышленной деструкции др евесины (кислотных гидролизатов и сульфитных щелоков).

The human microbiota is formed under the influence of external factors, among which a healthy diet plays a key role. The modern people microbiome changes under human eating behavior, stressful factors, agricultural industrialization, increased environmental load, and alimentary disease risks. The human gut microbiome is recognized as the most important biological interface between human genetics, environment, and lifestyle. Nutrition science is entering a new era of targeted action on the body's metabolic activity through the formation of a healthy microbiome, taking into account men individual nutritional characteristics. The paper presents the design of healthy food product technologies, the molecular concept of food engineering and molecular gastronomy, their relationship with traditional cooking and modern cuisine. Much attention is paid to the description of main components and directions of modern molecular gastronomy development, innovative technologies, and ingredients. The role of dietary fibers, prebiotics and probiotics for the normalization of gastrointestinal tract is indicated from the position of the adequate nutrition theory. Some scientific studies on probiotic and metabiotic effects on gut microbiome are described. Modern advances in food biotechnology allow us to obtain symbiotic microbiological culture consortia for new healthy food product manufacture including molecular gastronomy technologies.

The nature of plant–fungi interaction at early stages of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) development is still a puzzling problem. To investigate the processes behind this interaction, we used the Medicago lupulina MlS-1 line that forms high-efficient AM symbiosis with Rhizophagus irregularis. AM fungus actively colonizes the root system of the host plant and contributes to the formation of effective AM as characterized by a high mycorrhizal growth response (MGR) in the host plant. The present study is aimed at distinguishing the alterations in the M. lupulina root metabolic profile as an indicative marker of effective symbiosis. We examined the root metabolome at the 14th and 24th day after sowing and inoculation (DAS) with low substrate phosphorus levels. A GS-MS analysis detected 316 metabolites. Results indicated that profiles of M. lupulina root metabolites differed from those in leaves previously detected. The roots contained fewer sugars and organic acids. Hence, compounds supporting the growth of mycorrhizal fungus (especially amino acids, specific lipids, and carbohydrates) accumulated, and their presence coincided with intensive development of AM structures. Mycorrhization determined the root metabolite profile to a greater extent than host plant development. The obtained data highlight the importance of active plant–fungi metabolic interaction at early stages of host plant development for the determination of symbiotic efficiency.

The increased complexity due to the emergence and rapid spread of new viral infections prompts researchers to search for potential antiviral and protective agents for mucous membranes among various natural objects, for example, plant raw materials, their individual components, as well as the products of their chemical modification. Due to their structure, resin acids are valuable raw materials of natural origin to synthesize various bioactive substances. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to confirm the possibility of using resin acid derivatives for the drug design. As a result, we studied the cytotoxicity and biological activity of resin acid derivatives. It was shown that a slight decrease in the viral load in the supernatants was observed upon stimulation of cells (II) compared with the control. When using PASS-online modeling (Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances), the prediction of the biological activity spectrum showed that compound (I) is capable of exhibiting antiviral activity against the influenza virus. The use of the SWISS-ADME webserver to reveal the drug-like properties of compounds did not directly indicate the presence of antiviral activity. These results indicate the potential of resin acid derivatives as a starting point for extensive research in the study of biological activity.