Our findings support evidence of a new putative type 1 diabetes susceptibility locus on chromosome 11p13 and suggest that the CAT gene may play a role in conferring susceptibility to the disorder in Russian patients.

Materials and methods. HLA genotyping was accomplished in 51 DM1 patients and 51 volunteers randomly selected from the indigenous populationof Yakutia (Yakuts in three successive generations). Another 205 DM1 patients and 300 healthy subjects comprised random samples of patients andcontrols respectively from residents of Moscow and Moscow region. Results. HLA DRB1*17(03) allele proved to be the strongest one predisposing to DM1 in the Yakutian population (relative risk, RR=8,47) andDQB1*0304 in the Moscow population (RR=8,94). The presence of DRB1*04, DRB1*17(03), DQA1*0301, DQB1*0201, and DQB1*0302 accountedfor RR >2 in both populations. Only two alleles, DRB1*04 and DRB17(03), in the Yakutian population and five of the six (DRB1*04,DRB1*17(03), DQA1*(0301), DQB1*0302, and DQB1*0304) in the Moscow one were closely associated with DM1 (RR >4). DRB1*09, DRB1*11,DQB1*13, DQB1*0602/8 in Yakutian and DRB1*11, DRB1*13, DQA1*0103, DQB1*0301, DQB1*0602/8 in Moscow populations had the highestprotective potential (RR

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) is characterized by varying levels of morbidity in different populations and its overall increase in the majority of developed countries during the last 30 years. According to IDF, as many as 218,000 new cases of DM1 are registered annually all over the world of whom 75,800 (49%) are children at the age from 0 through 14 years. The yearly incremental increase of DM1 morbidity in this group is estimated at 3%. The marked ethnic variability of DM1 morbidity may be attributed to the different living conditions (environmental factors), population-related differences in the frequency of diabetes-predisposing and protective genetic markers, and the presence of specific markers in different populations. The population-based studies on the occurrence of molecular-genetic markers of DM1 in different ethnic groups confirmed the important role of genetic factors as predictors of diabetes and promoted the understanding of their contribution to the development of the disease in different ethnoses. The results of relevant original and published investigations are discussed.

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It is universally recognized that autoimmune type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) is not the only form of this disease in children. Increasingly more children andadolescents present with DM2, MODY, and rarer syndromal forms of DM. The actual prevalence of DM other than DM1 in children and adolescentsis unknown but may be estimated at 10%. Despite rare occurrence of genetic syndromes, they collectively account for almost 5% of DM cases amongchildren. The rapid upgrowth of molecular biology opens up a wide range of possibilities for designating various symptom complexes as nosologically selfconsistentforms. New genetic syndromes associated with DM are annually described. It is important both to adequately identify and treat manifestationsand complications of these syndromes in children and to provide relevant medico-genetic counseling and recommendations to the parents.Key words: non-immune diabetes mellitus, MODY, Wolfram syndrome, neonatal, syndromal forms