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Objective: To study the structural and immunohistochemical features of placentas in women after assisted reproductive technology (ART) with allogeneic eggs (oocyte donation and surrogate motherhood). Study Design: The study involved 89 women whose pregnancy occurred as a result of in vitro fertilization (IVF) with a donor egg in a surrogate motherhood program (IVF-SM, n = 47 patients) or oocyte donation (IVF-DO, n = 42). The comparison group consisted of 21 patients in whom pregnancy occurred as a result of IVF with their own egg (IVF-OE). A clinical and anamnestic analysis of the pregnant women was carried out. Morphological and immunohistochemical studies were performed on placental material. Immunohistochemical analysis of CD8, CD56, CD138, and CD25/CD4 markers indicating the processes of impaired tolerance in placenta was carried out. Results: We observed a predominance of women aged > 40 (range 42.7-3.91) years with a burdened somatic and obstetric-gynecological history and a high incidence of hypertensive pregnancy complications, such as gestational arterial

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 apandemic. Despite a large number of scientific publications concerning the clinical picture and trea tment methods, data on structural changes of internal organs in COVID-19 is still insufficient. This review presents and analyzes several clinical cases published by research groups in various countries. COVID-19 infection is caused by a SARS-CoV-2 virus that binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 ACE2 receptor. Interaction with this receptor is the initial stage of pathogenesis. The morphological picture is similar to pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV: at the initial stage, a picture of shock lungs develops, later it ends in fibrosis and organizing pneumonia. One of the most severe complications is acute respiratory distress syndrome, which is observed in some clinical cases reviewed. In this article, we collected cases of clinical and morphological studies of patients with COVID-19, published in international peer-reviewed medical literature to date.

Against the background of a steady increase in the number of oncological diseases, as well as the complexity of the primary morphological diagnosis of malignant neoplasms (MNT) and precancerous conditions, especially in the regions of the Russian Federation, in 2019, the creation of a number of Reference Centers (RCs) for immunohistochemical, pathomorphological, molecular genetic methods was initiated research within the framework of the federal project “Fight against oncological diseases”. In 2020, on the basis of the centralized pathoanatomical department of the Clinical Center of Sechenov University, the RC began its work. Aim. To analyze the work of the RC of Sechenov University and compare the results obtained with the tasks of the federal project.Materials and methods. The data of histological, immunohistochemical studies from the registers of receipt of biopsy (surgical) materials and the issuance of the results of intravital pathoanatomical studies (account forms 014-2 / y and 057-y / 04), as well as data from the Telemedicine system of remote consultations, were analyzed. Results. For 21 months of work, the RC consulted 1476 requests received from 70 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. More than 10 % of reference diagnoses were made in a remote format through the Telemedicine system of remote consultations at the federal and regional levels using digital pathology techniques.Conclusion. Despite the obvious need for the work of RCs, there are still a number of issues that have a signifcant impact on the quality of diagnostic processes: specialization of specifc RCs, expansion of the range of incoming clinical and morphological diagnoses. It also requires attention to regularly improve the skills of RC employees in Russian and international educational systems and to equip the RC, frst of all, with virtual resources. The experience of the RC has demonstrated the importance of a second medical expert opinion in the primary diagnosis and verifcation of the diagnosis of malignant neoplasms of various localizations for the regions of the Russian Federation, where the acute problem is the general shortage of general pathologists and expert doctors.

Objective: to present up-to-date scientific information concerning the role of astrocytes in neuroinflammation. A total of 63 publications were analyzed, obtained from Cochrane Library and PubMed using the following search queries: "astrocytes and neuroinflammation", "reactive astrocytes", "neuroglia and neuroinflammation". 45 publications were selected for the review. The analyzed literature was published in the year range of 2000 to 2020. It comes to a conclusion that the role of astrocytes in neuroinflammation is controversial. The cells have both protective and destructive effects. It is important to understand that the activity of reactive astrocytes depends on their topographic location and microenvironment, as well as mediators that are secreted by CNS resident and non-resident cells. Understanding the role of astrocytes in neuroinflammation and their regulatory mechanisms is necessary for the implementation of their therapeutic potential.