Обоснование. В патогенезе и развитии атопического дерматита (АтД) важную роль играют генетическая предрасположенность, двухфазный иммунный ответ, дисбаланс T1- и Т2-лимфоцитов, нарушение функции эпидермального барьера, участие триггерных факторов, различных антигенов. В последнее время активно изучаются генотипы, эндотипы заболевания, а также взаимосвязь генетических факторов, особенностей патогенеза и клинической картины АтД, которая определяет фенотип заболевания. Цель. Изучить клинические особенности различных фенотипов АтД. Материалы и методы. Проведено открытое проспективное исследование, в котором приняли участие 86 пациентов со среднетяжелым и тяжелым течением АтД, в том числе 25 детей в возрасте от 2 до 18 лет и 61 взрослый в возрасте от 19 до 54 лет. Пациенты наблюдались в отделении аллергологии и иммунопатологии кожи ФГБУ ГНЦ Институт иммунологии ФМБА России в период с 2012 по 2016 г. Период наблюдения за пациентами составил не менее 1 года. Критериями отбора данной группы послужили возможность сбора полноценного анамнеза, проведение оптимального аллергологического обследования, оценки тяжести течения заболевания и ответа на проводимую терапию, адекватность выполнения пациентами рекомендаций врача, включая соблюдение элиминационных мероприятий, диеты, рациональный уход за кожей, а также применение наружной терапии. Все 86 пациентов данной группы получали стандартную терапию в соответствии с современными российскими и международными клиническими рекомендациями. В течение периода наблюдения проводили оценку степени тяжести заболевания на основании индексов SCORAD и IGA, эффективности наружной терапии и частоты развития нежелательных явлений. Результаты. Установлены основные критерии для определения клинических фенотипов АтД по показателям тяжести течения: степень тяжести заболевания (на основании индексов SCORAD, IGA) частота и длительность обострений возраст дебюта заболевания вторичная инфекция кожи сопутствующие респираторные аллергические заболевания и сенсибилизация к различным группам аллергенов резистентность к терапии. Рецидивирующее течение АтД заболевания и резистентность к стандартной терапии топическими глюкокортикостероидами отмечались у 8 (32) детей и 20 (32,7) взрослых. Результаты углубленного обследования репрезентативной выборки пациентов позволили выделить несколько фенотипов АтД: изолированный неосложненный АтД - у 15 пациентов АтД, осложненный вторичной инфекцией и сенсибилизацией к бактериальным или грибковым аллергенам, - у 7 пациентов АтД, сопровождающийся сопутствующими респираторными аллергическими заболеваниями и сенсибилизацией к пищевым и ингаляционным аллергенам, - у 29 пациентов АтД крайне тяжелого течения, сопровождающийся вторичной инфекцией, респираторными аллергическими заболеваниями и поливалентной сенсибилизацией, резистентностью к терапии, - у 36 пациентов. Заключение. Выделение клинического фенотипа позволяет дифференцировать пациентов в зависимости от клинических характеристик и особенностей течения АтД, что может быть полезным для понимания этиопатогенеза заболевания у конкретного пациента и позволит разработать персонифицированные подходы к диагностике и лечению АтД.Genetic predisposition, twophase immune response, T1 and T2 lymphocytes dysbalance, epidermal barrier dysfunction, trigger factors, antigens play an important role in the atopic dermatitis pathogenesis. Recently, genotypes, phenotypes of the disease, as well as the relationship of genetic factors, pathogenesis and clinical features of AD, which determine the phenotype of the disease, are actively studied. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the clinical features of different AD phenotypes. Materials and methods. The research was conducted as an open prospective study. 86 patients suffered from moderate and severe AD, including 25 children aged 2 to 18 years and 61 adults aged 19 to 54 years were involved. Patients in the skin allergy and immunopathology department of The Institute of Immunology of the FMBA of Russia in the period from 2012 to 2016 were observed. The followup period was at least 1 year. The inclusion criteria of this group were the ability to collect a full anamnesis, the allergological examination, assessment of the severity of the disease and the response to the therapy, the adequacy of the fulfilment of the doctors recommendations by the patients, including compliance with elimination measures, diet, rational skin care, as well as the use of topical treatment. All patients received standard therapy according to Russian and international clinical guidelines. The severity of the disease was assessed on the basis of SCORAD and IGA scales, effectiveness of topical treatment and adverse events frequency. Results. The main criteria for determining of AD clinical phenotypes were established: severity of the disease (based on SCORAD, IGA) frequency and duration of exacerbations age of onset of the disease secondary skin infection concomitant respiratory allergic diseases and sensitization to different groups of allergens resistance to therapy. Recurrent course of AD and resistance to standard topical corticosteroids therapy were observed in 8 (32) children and in 20 (32.7) adults. The results of examination of representative sample of patients allowed to identify and characterize several AD phenotypes: isolated uncomplicated AD - in 15 of patients AD complicated by secondary infection and the presence of sensitization to bacterial or fungal allergens - in 7 of patients AD accompanied by the concomitant respiratory allergic diseases and the presence of sensitization to food and respiratory allergens - in 29 of patients extremely severe AD, accompanied by secondary infection, respiratory allergic diseases and polyvalent sensitization, resistance to therapy - in 36 of patients. Conclusion. Identification of the clinical phenotype allows to determine the patients on the grounds of the clinical characteristics and AD features, which can be useful for understanding the etiopathogenesis of the disease in a particular patient and can be the basis for development of personalized approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of AD.
Atopic dermatitis - chronic allergic skin inflammatory disease with genetic predisposition, dysbalance of immune response, dysfunction of an epidermal barrier and influence of various exogenous and endogenous factors. Epidermal barrier dysfunction leads to rising of permeability of a skin for allergens, microbs and nonspecific stimuli, as well as to sensitivity to various external influences. Clinically these implications are shown by skin xerosis symptoms therefore. According to modern clinical guidelines, the moisturizing agents, so called emollients, have to be used at all disease stages. Own data on use of modern skin care series Atopic® in complex therapy of atopic dermatitis patients are presented in the article.
In the article the results of supervision over the patients with chronic urticaria (n=32) and atopic dermatitis (n=30), at the age from 2 till 55 years old treated with H^blocker levocetirizine, are presented. High clinical efficiency and safety of levocetirizine treatment of allergic skin diseases were confirmed.
Allergic diseases are increasingly becoming a global epidemic and pose a considerable and growing public health burden. Allergy is a systemic T2-dependent inflammatory reaction to an allergen that results from a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Allergic diseases occur through a T2-dependent type of allergic reaction, some of them, in particular atopic dermatitis (AD) and asthma, develop involving different types of hypersensitivity or their combination and require revision of allergy diagnostics. Atopy patch test (APT) can be informative in establishing a role of cell-mediated hypersensitivity in pathogenesis of allergic diseases. The review presents the recent data on the significance of APT in the diagnostics of skin and respiratory allergies.
Chronic urticaria (CU) is an urgent medical and social problem. The instruments of everyday clinical practice are international and domestic guidelines which briefly reflect modern ideas about various aspects of CU. Recently, a new opportunity has emerged to expand theoretical and practical experience in the management of patients with CU, to carry out educational activities to disseminate modern knowledge about urticaria, to conduct research in the field of studying the pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of exacerbations of the disease. This opportunity is realized through the centers of excellence for working with such patients (GALEN UCARE centers). One of the five Russian centers, have prepared and conducted an online training program "Chronic urticaria: scientific and medical achievements and practical aspects of patient management." at the Federal State Budgetary Institution State Research Center "Institute of Immunology" FMBA of Russia. The event was held by the employees of the Federal State Budgetary Institution State Research Center "Institute of Immunology" of the FMBA of Russia on November , 2020.
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