No abstract

Background: Polyherbal mixtures called “medical species” are part of traditional and officinal medicine in Russia. This review aimed to analyze medical species used in Russia for the treatment of diabetes and related disorders. The information relevant to medical species, diabetes, and obesity was collected from local libraries, the online service E-library.ru, and Google Scholar. The prediction of the antidiabetic activity for the principal compounds identified in plants was performed using the free web resource PASS Online.Results: We collected and analyzed information about the compositions, specificities of use, and posology of 227 medical species. The medical species represent mixtures of 2–15 plants, while the most frequently mentioned in the literature are species comprising 3–6 plants. The top 10 plants among the 158 mentioned in the literature include Vaccinium myrtillus L., Phaseolus vulgaris L., Taraxacum campylodes G.E. Haglund., Urtica dioica L., Rosa spp., Hypericum spp., Galega officinalis L., Mentha × piperita L., Arctium spp, and Fragaria vesca L. The leading binary combination found in medical species comprises the leaves of V. myrtillus and pericarp of P. vulgaris; leaves of V. myrtillus and leaves of U. dioica; and leaves of V. myrtillus and aerial parts of G. officinalis. In triple combinations, in addition to the above-mentioned components, the roots of T. campylodes are often used. These combinations can be regarded as basic mixtures. Other plants are added to improve the efficacy, treat associated disorders, improve gastrointestinal function, prevent allergic reactions, etc. Meanwhile, an increase in plants in the mixture necessitates advanced techniques for quality control. A feature of medical species in Russia is the addition of fresh juices, birch sap, seaweeds, and adaptogenic plants. Modern studies of the mechanisms of action and predicted activities of the principal compounds from medicinal plants support the rationality of polyherbal mixtures. Nevertheless, the mechanisms are not well studied and reported due to the limited number of compounds. Further investigations with calculations of synergistic or additive indices are important for strengthening the scientific fundamentals for the wider use of medical species in the therapy of diabetes. Two medical species, “Arfazetin” (7 medicinal plants) and “Myrphasinum” (12 medicinal plants), are approved for use in officinal medicine. The efficacy of these species was confirmed in several in vivo experiments and clinical trials. According to modern regulatory rules, additional experiments and clinical trials are required for more detailed investigations of the mechanisms of action and confirmation of efficacy.Conclusion: We believe that the scientifically based utilization of rich plant resources and knowledge of Russian herbal medicine can significantly contribute to the local economy as well as to the sectors seeking natural healing products.

No abstract

Introduction. Today, innovative technologies are widely used in pharmacology (in particular, in the production of herbal preparations), in cosmetology (obtaining various extracts and oils, complex preparations), as well as in the food industry (as natural dyes, etc.). Plant extracts with a high level of risk do not have a harmful effect on the human body, except that they provide environmental safety, which creates a special interest for the pharmaceutical industry . vibrocavitation and supercritical fluid CO2 extraction.Aim. The choice of the optimal level of extraction to obtain a high level of fenugreek seeds.Materials and methods. Obtaining a vibrocavitation extract with an experimental vibration-explosive installation made at the Department of Processes and Apparatus of the St. Petersburg State Technology Institute. Extracts at a temperature of 60±2 ºС. The frequency of revolutions of the homogenizer ranged from 1000 to 5000 rpm. Ultrasonic impact using ultrasound unit I100-6/4 Ultrasonic effect on solid plant material with an intensity of 22 kHz for 60 minutes. The time of extraction in a vibro-cavitation extractor-homogenizer was studied for optimal values.Supercritical fluid CO2-extraction is obtained in two versions with the use of extragent (96% ethanol in the presence of carbon dioxide: ethanol 9:1) and without it. Extraction of the sound of a supercritical fluid extraction system with a 1-liter vessel. SFE1000-2-BASE with a kit for upgrading the SFE1000-2-BASE system to an SFE1000M1-2-FMC50 system (Waters, USA). The flow rate of the extractant was 60 g/min. Emergency listening for one hour and pressure 200, 300 and 400 bar. Extraction is observed three times. The obtained extracts indicate the amount of extractive substances according to article of Russian state pharmacopoeia 1.5.3.0006.15 «Determination of the content of extractive substances in plant raw materials and medicinal plant preparations». Quantitative determination of the saponin complex of parasitic seed seeds on an Agilent QTOF-6530 chromatograph with two ESI and APCI ionization sources according to Gravel et al.Results and discussion. Studies have allowed to determine the amount of extractives in the seeds and choose the most promising method. Conclusion. As a result of our research, it was found that the most promising extraction method for extracting seeds is a parasitic with vibration extraction at frequent revolutions of the homogenizer of 5000 rpm and an extraction time of 60 minutes.

Introduction. Vibration cavitation homogenizers are increasingly used in various industries, including the pharmaceutical industry – for the preparation of creams, gels to give them a homogeneous composition, and more recently for the extraction of valuable substances from plant materials. As we have shown earlier, a comparison of the extraction of dioscin from fenugreek seeds, carried out in devices of various designs, under the same conditions for organizing the process showed that the most effective method was the extraction method in a vibro-cavitation field. Obviously, this is due to the fact that cavitation reduces the diffusion resistance of the process and, thus, increases the intensity of the process of transferring the mass of a substance from the solid phase to the solution. However, the extraction process in apparatus of this type is complex and is accompanied by crushing of seeds, which leads to a change in the dispersed composition of the solid phase.Aim. Conduct a theoretical and experimental analysis of the process of grinding hay fenugreek seeds particles in a vibrocavitation homogenizer, accompanied by the extraction of biologically active substances, as well as obtaining dependences that allow evaluating the contribution of grinding to the formation of the dispersed composition of the meal in this apparatus and determining the average particle size as a result of crushing. In earlier works, using the example of the extraction of dioscin from fenugreek seeds, it was shown that an increase in the rotor speed increases the yield of biologically active substances. However, fine grinding of raw materials often leads to the formation of a sediment layer that pollutes the solution with ballast substances and complicates its purification, and also reduces the yield of biologically active substances, therefore, the study of this process is necessary to control the dispersed composition in order to ensure the highest extraction efficiency in devices of this type.Materials and methods. The first stage of the study was the theoretical analysis of the grinding process, since it is a special case of a large class of processes in which the dispersed composition of the solid phase is not constant. Therefore, in this work, for the mathematical description of particle grinding, a model is used that takes into account the kinetic features of the process under consideration. An experimental study of the extraction of valuable components from plant raw materials was carried out in a laboratory setup with a vibro-cavitation homogenizer of periodic action. As a raw material, we used fenugreek seeds purchased from LLC «Stoing», Moscow (Russia), which we used for research. Commodity analysis showed the compliance of raw materials with the requirements of the GF XIV edition. The initial, aqueous solution of ethanol (volume concentration 60 %) with fenugreek seeds was loaded into glass 6, in a volume of 0.2 liters, then the rotor of the apparatus was brought into rotation and brought to a given rotation frequency. The experiments were carried out at a rotation frequency of 1000, 3000 and 5000 rpm (16.7; 50 and 83.3) 1/s. At each value of the rotor speed, the process time varied in the range from 0 to 50 minutes, and the process was carried out for 60, 120, 180, 240 and 300 seconds. Studies carried out for 5 minutes or more showed that the dispersed composition of the meal practically does not change over time, but significantly depends on the rotor speed. Thus, after 5 minutes, a certain stabilization of the dispersed composition occurs and further residence of the material in the apparatus does not lead to a noticeable change in the dispersed composition. After each experiment, the meal was taken, dried, and sieve analysis of the dispersed composition was carried out.Results and discussion. Based on the results obtained by processing the experimental data according to the equation, the values of the average probability of particle crushing were calculated and, as it turned out, it practically does not depend on time, but depends only on the rotor speed. The dependence of the change in the average probability of particle grinding at different rotor speed was obtained. The analysis of these results showed that the value of the average probability of particle grinding in the cavitation homogenizer increases with an increase in the rotor speed, which is quite expected, since the frequency of contacts of particles with the working organs of the apparatus increases. In addition, the obtained dependence for the average probability of particle crushing is linear. This Expression quite accurately describes the values of the change in time of the relative mass of particles in the working range n = 16.7 – 83.3 1/s. Taking these values into account, the experimental and calculated results are in good agreement.Conclusions. The proposed approach and the results obtained can be used to assess the dispersed composition of particles obtained in other designs of devices of similar action.