Aim. The practical guidelines are intended for primary care physicians, general practitioners, paediatricians, gastroenterologists and general internists to advance the treatment and prevention of gastroenterological diseases in adults and children in therapies with probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and their enriched functional foods.Key points. Probiotics are live microorganisms that sustain health of the host when supplied in adequate amounts. Prebiotics include human-indigestible but accessible to gut microbiota substances expediting specific changes in the composition and/or activity of gastrointestinal microbiota that favour the host health. The mechanism of probiotic action comprises the quorum resistance maintenance, nutrient substrate metabolism and end metabolite recycling, macroorganism-sustaining substrate production, as well as the mediation of local and adaptive immune responses.The Russian Federation regulates market differently for biologically active food additives (BAFA), medicinal products (drugs) and functional food products (FFP). We overview the probiotic strains regulated in Russia as BAFAs, drugs and FFPs and provide recommendations on the use of these strains in treatment and prevention of gastroenterological diseases in children and adults.Conclusion. The clinical efficacy of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and fortified functional foods depends on the prebiotic and strain properties and is verified in appropriate comparative clinical trials. Not all probiotics registered in Russia as BAFAs, drugs and FFPs have a strain identity, which provides no warranty of the clinical effect expected. The FFP legislation demands improved regulation mechanisms and control for therapeutic efficacy.
Адрес для корреспонденции: Захарова Ирина Николаевна-д.м.н., проф., зав. кафедрой педиатрии имени академика Г.Н. Сперанского Российской медицинской академии непрерывного профессионального образования Сугян Нарине Григорьевна-к.м.н., доцент кафедры педиатрии имени академика Г.Н. Сперанского Российской медицинской академии непрерывного профессионального образования Бережная Ирина Владимировна-к.м.н., доцент кафедры педиатрии имени академика Г.Н. Сперанского Российской медицинской академии непрерывного профессионального образования 125373 Москва, ул. Героев Панфиловцев, д. 28
1 ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России 2 ГБУЗ «Детская городская поликлиника 133» Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы 3 Детская городская клиническая больница им. З.А. Башляевой Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы ДИСФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ РАССТРОЙСТВА БИЛИАРНОГО ТРАКТА ЧТО НУЖНО ЗНАТЬ ПЕДИАТРУПо частоте обращения к врачу боли в животе у детей стоят на втором месте после острых респираторных заболеваний. Абдоминальный синдром является неспецифическим проявлением различной патологии. Перед врачом стоит серьезная задача проведения оптимальной дифференциальной диагностики, что особенно сложно в педиатрической практике. Одной из частых причин болей в животе у детей являются дисфункциональные расстройства билиарного тракта. В статье рассмотрены этиопатогенетические механизмы развития функциональных нарушений желчевыводящей системы у детей, современная классификация в свете последнего консенсуса Рим IV, сведения о неинвазивных методах диагностики. Проведена оценка диагностической ценности разных методов обследования и современных возможностях функциональных проб при проведении УЗИ гепатобилиарной зоны. Даны вопросы для самоконтроля. Ключевые слова: сфинктер Одди, желчный пузырь, дисфункция билиарного тракта, дети, абдоминальный синдром. FUNCTIONAL DISORDERS OF THE BILIARY TRACT. WHAT A PEDIATRICIAN NEEDS TO KNOW According to the frequency of contact with a doctor, abdominal pain in children is second only to respiratory diseases. Since the pain syndrome is a nonspecific manifestation of various pathologies, the doctor faces a serious diagnostic task, which is especially difficult in pediatric practice. One of the frequent causes of abdominal pain in children is a disruption of the function of the digestive tract, in particular, the dysfunction of the billiard tract. The article considers etiopathogenetic mechanisms of development of functional disorders of the biliary tract in children, classification in the light of the Rome IV consensus, modern low-invasive methods for diagnosing dysfunctions of the biliary tract. The ultrasound of the hepatobiliary zone was assessed. Questions are given for self-control.
В статье представлены данные по распространенности инфекционных заболеваний у детей в России и частоте применения антибактериальной терапии. Уделено особое внимание бесконтрольному применению антибиотиков, что приводит к антибиотикорезистентности, нарушению равновесия симбиотной микробиоты, развитию острых аллергических реакций и других заболеваний. Приведена современная тактика лечения детей с антибиотик-ассоциированной диареей согласно международным рекомендациям ESPGHAN и ESPID.
Rational antibiotic therapy is one of the most important components in the treatment of children with various infectious and inflammatory diseases. However, wide and sometimes unjustified use of AB in pediatric practice often leads to the development of a variety of complications. Children receiveing AB, especially during the first 5 years of life, are at a very high risk of developing antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) which manifests itself in three or more episodes of unformed stools for two or more consecutive days or for 8 weeks after withdrawal. The most relevant pathogen of AAD is C. difficile which, according to various data, causes from 10 to 25% of AAD cases and 90 to 100% of all cases of pseudomembranous colitis (PMC). Given the high probability of developing dangerous complications such as PMC, special attention should be paid to the prevention of the infection associated with C. difficile by reducing the frequency of uncontrolled and unjustified use of AB. A new generation of eco-antibiotics can be recommended which allow to maintain diversity of the intestinal microbiota and are less likely to cause complications.
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