This study allows increase the level of objective assessment of the beginning and course of influenza and other ARVIs in outpatient practice, to predict their course and outcome, and to improve the treatment.

The authors conducted an international multicenter double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study to obtain additional data on the efficacy and safety of a 12-week course of Anaferon for children for the prevention of acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI), including influenza, in children during the rise in seasonal morbidity (RCT of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation: №356 dated June 29, 2017; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03301155).Materials and methods. The study involved 1,036 children (1 month – 6 years 11 months 29 days) during two epidemiological seasons. The patients were divided into 2 groups: 528 patients received Anaferon for children 1 tablet a day for 12 weeks, 508 patients received placebo according to Anaferon for children scheme. The primary end point was the duration of the period from the first dose of the drug until manifestation of ARVI/influenza. Additional end points were percentage of children not falling with ARVI/influenza during 4-, 8- and 12-week course of preventive therapy; percentage of children with respiratory or ear-nose-throat bacterial infections requiring antibiotics within 12 week; percentage of children hospitalized with ARVI/influenza or their complications within 12 week. To assess safety, the authors analyzed the presence and nature of the adverse events (AEs), their severity, connection with the medication, outcome. The authors used the following statistical methods: calculation of hazard ratio, median time to the manifestation of symptoms of ARVI / influenza, 95% confidence intervals.Results. The Intention-to-treat (ITT) and Per Protocol [РР] analysis included the data of 1,021 [975] patients: 520 [494] – Anaferon for children group and 501 [481] –Placebo group. The average duration of the period from the first dose of the drug to the development of ARVI/influenza symptoms obtained as a result of the analysis of the statistical model was 428.8 [434.1] days for Anaferon for children group, that is 1.5 times higher than in Placebo group (275.8 [274.9] days; p=0.001 [p=0.0009]). The percentage of children without ARVI/influenza was 99.2% [99.2%] in Anaferon for children group (versus 90.2% [90.0%] in Placebo group; p=0.0003 [p=0.0003]) within 4 weeks, 92.7% [92.3%] (versus 82.8% [82.7%]; p=0.0003 [p=0.0003]) within 8 weeks, and 81.5% [81.8%] (versus 73.4% [73.4%], respectively; p=0.0021 [p=0.0021]). None of the patients was hospitalized for ARVI/influenza or complications. The frequency of AEs in Anaferon for children and Placebo groups had no differ. No one AE definitely related to the study drug was registered.Conclusion. The results confirm the efficacy and safety of a 12-week course of Anaferon for children to prevent ARVI and influenza during seasonal rise of morbidity in children.

In recent years, there has been an increase in the incidence of salmonellosis in children, including in the Yaroslavl region by 52.7%.In order to study salmonellosis in children at the present stage, we observed 185 patients aged from 1 month to 18 years who were hospitalized in the Infectious Clinical Hospital of the city of Yaroslavl from 2015 to 2017. The analysis of the main clinical, epidemiological and laboratory parameters was carried out and the peculiarities of the course of salmonellosis in children were established.Results: Salmonella enteritidis remains the dominant pathogen. The children of the first 3 years of life prevailed — 65.4%, of which under the age of 1 year — 18.9%, unorganized in preschool institutions — 49.2%. Alimentary infection was found in 49.7% of cases. In 71.4% of patients, the disease developed against a background of concomitant pathology. In most cases (74.1%), damage to the gastrointestinal tract was manifested by gastroenterocolitis or enterocolitis. In 38.9% of cases, salmonellosis occurred in combination with bacterial and viral pathogens, especially with rota and noroviruses (81.9%), which aggravated the course of the infection. Severe forms accounted for 24.9% and were due to the development of dehydration, mainly in patients with mixed infections.

Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are major causes of morbidity in children. Symptomatic treatment is insufficiently effective and requires additional drugs with etiotropic action. This multi-center double blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical study with superiority model design considers a liquid formulation of Anaferon for children.Methods. The study included 142 children from 1 month to 3 years 11 month 29 days old with ARI of the upper respiratory tract. They were randomized into Anaferon for children and Placebo groups (71 in each group) via interactive voice randomization system. The treatment period was 5 days, observation period – 14 days. The average duration of the symptoms and the severity of the respiratory disease were used as primary efficacy endpoints.Results. All 142 patients were randomized and included into ITT (Intention to treat) analysis. 140 patients (70 patients in each group) were included into PP-analysis. The patients in the Anaferon for children group had better results with average duration of ARI as compared to the Placebo group (87.7±31.5h vs. 103.3±19.4h; p =0.007). The authors marked efficacy of Anaferon for children in such parameters as disease severity (ITT-analysis: p=0.0004), total severity of disease symptoms (ITT-analysis: ANOVA: “Group” factor p=0.0004; “Day” factor p<0.0001), and percentage of recovered patients (Log-rank test, p=0.035). There were no discrepancies between the groups in concomitant therapy (ITT-analysis: ANOVA “Group-Day” factor p=0.88), bacterial complications frequency (p=1.0), adverse effects (Fisher criteria: p=0.5321). The authors registered 14 cases of adverse events (10 cases in Anaferon group and 4 cases in Placebo group) in 11 patients. None of the adverse events had a certain or probable relation to the studied drug.Conclusion. Anaferon for children proved their efficiency and safety in young children with ARI.

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