Emergency treatment is an independent area of medicine. The main direction of emergency treatment is the relief of dangerous and severe manifestations of the disease in most cases with a lack of time and little information about the patient, which forces the doctors to carry out the treatment syndromically. In practice, the doctor often faces acute diseases that require emergency treatment. The success of this therapy depends primarily on the timeliness and correctness of the established diagnosis. Diagnostics of emergency conditions is one of the most important and crucial tasks of a practical doctor. The same syndrome can be caused, as is well known, by various painful conditions and acts in some cases as the main manifestation of the disease, and in others, as a complication of a long-existing pathological process. For differential diagnosis, it is necessary to clearly orientate within multiple symptoms of both common and less studied nosological forms. The doctor conducting urgent measures to rescue the patient must possess many practical skills, have broad knowledge and ability to quickly navigate within the situation, carry out differential diagnostics and determine the tactics of patient management at the pre-hospital stage. This methodic manual describes the most common urgent syndromes: acute respiratory failure, acute cardio-vascular insufficiency, chest pain, coma and acute pulmonary and gastrointestinal bleeding, etc. Briefly, data on the diseases and pathological conditions causing the development of a particular syndrome are given, their clinical presentation, etiology and pathogenesis, as well as the most characteristic changes detected by conventional laboratories and instrumental studies are covered. The main focus of the authors was given to the algorithm of doctor’s actions in providing emergency care, taking into account modern standards. All this knowledge is the most important component of the qualifications of the future doctor of any specialty.

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