The paper retrospectively reviews comparative studies in the fields of criminal law, criminology, penitentiary law, criminal procedure and judicial system conducted at the Institute since its formation in 1925, and which have maintained a high standard for over 90 years. The authors present the quintessence of the brightest and most global research of the Institute, conducted by such researchers of comparativism as M. N. Gernet, A. A. Herzensohn, M. M. Grodzinskiy, A. A.Zhizhilenko, M. M. Isaev, P. I. Lyublinskiy, A. I. Lubenskiy, B. S. Mankovskiy, I. B. Michaelovskaya, B. S. Nikiforov, N. N. Pashe-Ozerskiy, A. A. Piontkovskiy, F. M. Reshetnikov, A. A. Trainin, E. G. Shirwindt, A. Y. Estrin and others. The review indicates the tendency to further enrich the heritage of the criminal comparative studies by the strength of the Institute.
The number of European countries which have included into their national legislation the provision on criminal liability for legal persons (corporations) has been continuously growing. The following countries remain essential supporters of preserving criminal liability for individual guilt: Germany, Russia, Italy, and, may be, Poland, where after the adoption of the Law on Liability of Collective Entities for punishable offences, the Constitutional Tribunal in 1994 adopted the decision to consider this liability to be not criminal, but sui generis. Some Russian legal theorists were quick to support the tendency to recognize the practicability of introducing criminal liability for legal persons in spite of centuries-old traditions of liability for a personal guilt that is characteristic of the criminal law of the European continental countries. This can be explained by an excessive influence of the Anglo-Saxon common law countries, whose representatives went all out during the preparation of many international conventions to include into them the provisions that require establishing criminal liability for legal persons in national legislations of the European countries. But none of such conventions mentions the basis for criminal liability of legal persons. They fail to mention this fact, otherwise they would have to state that such liability suggests only strict liability. The author of the article tries to prove the irrelevancy of the above-mentioned type of liability in Russia with its rather effective administrative law and fairly solid provisions of the civil legislation which help to efficiently fight the damage incurred by legal persons (corporations) to different entities protected by the law. Introduction of the provisions on criminal liability for legal persons into the Russian criminal legislation touches upon the foundation on which all types of legal liability in this country are based on, as well as domestic centuries-old traditions, for it is not possible, without changing anything in the principal structure of the criminal responsibility, to simply include, without solid justification of the adopted changes, a new provision into the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, in which only a range of criminal acts for which legal persons may be liable would be outlined, without indicating grounds for their criminal liability, in contrast with the grounds for the liability of physical persons.
Правам жертв преступлений на современном этапе развития правовой науки в США уделяется большое внимание. Судебная защита жертв преступлений является одним из основных механизмов, который работает в том числе через систему восстановительного правосудия. Развитие данного института обусловлено направленностью государственной политики на предоставление жертве преступления права выбора процессуального механизма достижения правосудия. Восстановительное правосудие в США прежде всего направлено на возвращение исходного положения всех участников (жертвы, преступника и общества), которое существовало до совершенного преступления. В связи с этим исследование концепции восстановительного правосудия, направленного на реституцию прав жертв преступлений посредством компенсации вреда жертве преступления и примирения с преступником, является весьма актуальным. В статье рассматриваются вопросы защиты жертв преступлений посредством восстановительного правосудия по законодательству Соединенных Штатов. Подробно анализируется механизм заключения соглашения в рамках восстановительного правосудия, а также корреляция заключенного между жертвой преступления и преступником соглашения с наказанием, назначаемым судом. Исследованы особенности судебной практики по вопросам восстановительного правосудия, а также его эффективность и роль в системе уголовного судопроизводства США. В Российской Федерации отсутствует механизм восстановительного правосудия, подобный функционирующему в в США. В связи с этим некоторые элементы концепции восстановительного правосудия могут быть имплементированы в российскую правовую систему. Ключевые слова: жертва преступлений, компенсация вреда, судебная защита, восстановительное правосудие.
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