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A literature review of the works of foreign and domestic authors is devoted to modern approaches to the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of congenital cytomegalovirus infection (cCMV). The data of international consensuses are presented: «Congenital Cytomegalovirus: A European Expert Consensus Statement on Diagnosis and Management» adopted by the cCMV group from the European society for pediatric infectious diseases (ESPID) in Leipzig, Germany in 2015, and «Congenital cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy and the neonate: consensus recommendations for prevention, diagnosis, and therapy» by an informal International Congenital Cytomegalovirus Recommendations Group (ICCRG), established in Brisbane, Australia in 2015 as part of the 5th International cCMV Conference about evidence-based treatment cCMV using antiviral drugs and immunotherapy. Particular attention is paid to the prevention of cCMV in both pregnant and newborns, as well as data from international studies on the cytomegalovirus vaccination.

Congenital cytomegalovirus infection (CMVI) ranks first among congenital infections, making contribution significantly to the variety of congenital defects formation. The review describes in details the pathogenic mechanisms of the virus effects on the fetus and newborn. Congenital CMVI develops as a result of infection of the mother with the virus or its reactivation, causing an active infection. CMV is pantropic. Infected cells acquire the characteristic appearance of an «owl’s eye» due to a 3—4-fold increase in size, and the cytoplasm is visualized only in the form of a thin strip due to the large diameter of the nucleus. With a congenital CMV infection, the virus itself, its DNA or antigens is detected in biological media up to 14—21 days of life. The manifest and asymptomatic form of infection is distinguished.Attention is drawn to the various clinical findings and long-term outcomes of the infection. When the fetus is infected in the early stages of pregnancy, various malformations of the central nervous system, cardiovascular, kidneys, etc. are formed. When infected in the late stages of pregnancy, a variety of diseases and pathological conditions are revealed in newborns. In 40—90% of newborns with manifest CMVI, there are long-term neurological consequences and hearing loss, as well as damage to the organ of vision.

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