The purpose of the review was to analyze the neurochemical and neurophysiological mechanisms of the ghrelin system and the role of ghrelin in body functions and behavior. The focus is on the participation of ghrelin in the mechanisms of reinforcement and the formation of addictive behavior. At the beginning of the review a history of the first works on the field of ghrelin and its receptor was described. Then, genetic control, molecular precursor of ghrelin, molecular forms of ghrelin and ghrelin receptor were represented. In particular, the distribution of the ghrelin receptor, ghrelin-producing cells in the brain and its participation in various physiological functions of the body were shown. The hypothalamic functions of ghrelin were discussed: energy balance, regulation of glucose metabolism, stimulation of eating behavior, regulation of hypophys-pituitary axis (HPA) system. The connection of ghrelin with the brain CRH system was demonstrated. In particular, activation of HPA was described as a possible mechanism through which ghrelin regulates a number of physiological processes. Extrahypothalamic action of ghrelin was shown on the basis of the mechanisms of reinforcement and addiction. On the basis of their own data and literary, it was concluded that action of alcohol and psychoactive drugs are reduced after the ghrelin receptors blockade. In particular, it has been demonstrated that alcoholization of mothers affects the activity of the ghrelin system during the prenatal and early postnatal periods of development in the offspring of rats. It was shown the participation of ghrelin in memory and learning. The further perspective of the study and practical application of ghrelin-based pharmacological agents was analyzed.

Резюмее.Изучение расстройств мозговой деятель-ности при снижении социализации является актуаль-ной современной проблемой. В статье представлен обзор литературных данных относительно эпидемиологии, этиологии и лечения расстройств аутистического спек-тра. Особое внимание уделяется экспериментальным моделям аутизма, поскольку именно моделирование позволяет проверить гипотезы относительно природы заболевания и провести апробацию новых лечебных методов. AAbstrasе.The study of disorders of brain activity related to the violation of socialization is the current scientific problem. The article presents a review of the literature regarding the epidemiology, etiology and treatment of autism spectrum disorders. Special attention is paid to experimental models of autism, since simulation allows to test hypotheses about the nature of the disease and to carry out testing of new treatment methods. Keywtrb:autism spectrum disorders; epidemiology; etiology; pharmacotherapy; psychotherapy; experimental modeling. ВВеденИеВыяснение мозговых механизмов социальной дез адаптации составляет проблему, актуальность которой возрастает по мере прогресса общества и расширения масштабов межличностной комму-никации. Сниженная социализация у ребенка нега-тивно влияет на внутрисемейные взаимоотношения и угрожает семейной целостности [8]. Поскольку наиболее отчетливо дезадаптационные механиз-мы проявляются в условиях психоэмоциональной и орга нической патологии ЦНС, исследование меха-низмов основывается на клинических данных и моде-лях, воспроизводящих поведенческие расстройства.Патологию, определяемую как «аутизм» (от греч. αὐτός -сам), впервые подробно описал в 1911 г. швейцарский психиатр E. Bleuler [20]. Именно он предложил заменить диагноз dementia praecox (пре-ждевременное слабоумие) термином «шизофре-ния». При этом он объединял аутизм с шизофрени-ей и считал, что он выступает одним из частных ее проявлений. Благодаря накоплению знаний отно-сительно мозговой организации углублялось по-нимание природы аутизма. L. Kanner [35], один из основоположников детской психиатрии, классифи-цировал «детский аутизм» в качестве отдельного за-болевания и обозначил момент его возникновения. Было отмечено, что заболевание проявляется в воз-

The purpose of the review was to analyze the neurochemical and neurophysiological mechanisms of the orexin system and the role of orexin in body functions and behavior. The focus is on the participation of orexin in the mechanisms of reinforcement and the formation of addictive behavior. At the beginning of the review a history of the first works on the field of orexin and its receptors are described. Hypothalamic orexin-producing cells and effects on brain functions are described. The effects of orexins and their receptors on eating behavior, wakefulness and positive reinforcement are described. Then, the effects of orexins on narcolepsy was analyzed. The participation of orexins in the mechanisms of reinforcement and dependence and the key role of orexins in the development of addictive behaviors is described. The special role of orexin in the formation of ethanol dependence is shown. Next, the issue of the action of orexins under stress was considered. Orexins have been shown to play an important role in the regulation of the nervous and humoral mechanisms mediating the formation of emotional memory associated with negative experience. It is concluded that orexin can modulate the estimation of stress and probability for reaching stimulus. In this regard, orexin antagonists can be considered as possible promising means of preventing and treating disorders of the anxiety-phobic spectrum, as well as disorders associated with the use of addictive drugs caused by stress and environmental stimuli.

An increase in the number of patients with psychodermatological manifestations and the identification of a certain comorbidity during the course of diseases in patients with a dermatological profile makes us take a fresh look at this problem. Psychodermatology is one of the relevant and, at the same time, the least studied areas of modern medicine, which is at the junction of psychiatry and dermatovenereology. Psychiatry and psychotherapy studies the inner world of a person; Dermatovenerology deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the human skin and its appendages, and psychodermatology combines these two sections of medicine. In the modern world, as a result of increasing the amount of incoming sensory information, accelerating the rhythm of life, the action of harmful environmental factors, a person can be subjected to excessive psycho-emotional stress, leading to the development of mental disorders. Often it is skin rashes that are an objective manifestation of such disorders. Early diagnosis of psychodermatosis and signs of obsessive-compulsive pathology in sick people contributes to the timely identification of the category of people at risk of psychotic reactions and mental illness. This is especially true for young patients. Against the background of hormonal changes in the body, the crisis of adolescence, the increased educational load on them at school, the destroyed institute of family and marriage, an overabundance of sensory information and physical inactivity, the incidence of psychodermatosis throughout the world, including in our country, is increasing.