Gut microbiota of patients with Parkinson's disease and healthy volunteers was analyzed by the method of high throughput 16S rRNA sequencing of bacterial genomes. In patients with Parkinson's diseases, changes in the content of 9 genera and 15 species of microorganisms were revealed: reduced content of Dorea, Bacteroides, Prevotella, Faecalibacterium, Bacteroides massiliensis, Stoquefichus massiliensis, Bacteroides coprocola, Blautia glucerasea, Dorea longicatena, Bacteroides dorei, Bacteroides plebeus, Prevotella copri, Coprococcus eutactus, and Ruminococcus callidus, and increased content of Christensenella, Catabacter, Lactobacillus, Oscillospira, Bifidobacterium, Christensenella minuta, Catabacter hongkongensis, Lactobacillus mucosae, Ruminococcus bromii, and Papillibacter cinnamivorans. This microbiological pattern of gut microflora can trigger local inflammation followed by aggregation of α-synuclein and generation of Lewy bodies.

2,3‐Butanediol (BDO) is an excellent feedstock for expanding the network of bio‐based chemicals through catalytic technologies. The dehydration of BDO provides an alternative green route to important chemicals such as methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and 1,3‐butadiene (BD). In this contribution, we report on the catalytic performance of boron (BP), aluminum (AlP), titanium (TiP), zirconium (ZrP), and niobium (NbP) phosphates in BDO dehydration. The kinetic study points to three reaction pathways operating over phosphate catalysts, leading to MEK, 2‐methyl‐propanal (MP), and BD via intermediate 3‐butene‐2‐ol (3B2OL) formation. The major reaction pathway is shown to involve pinacol rearrangement to MEK. The reactivity of phosphates is found to increase in the order: BP

opment of the ethylene industry are such that ethylene producers are switchingt om ore efficient ethylene production technologies. This leads to al ack of butadiene on the market and therefore requires the development of alternative technologies leadingt ob utadiene.T herefore, the synthesis of MEK, BD, and 3B2OL from BDO appears to be achallenging goal.Synthesis of MEK from BDO has been reportedo ver strong solid catalysts such as H-Nafion, [10] heteropoly acids, [11] aluminosilicates, [12] and zeolites. [1f, 13, 14] Bucsi et al. [10] reported high conversions of BDO into MEK over H-Nafion catalysts at temperatures as low as 150 8C; the acetalization of MEK with BDO being the main side reaction. MEK and its acetals accounted for 94 %o ft he products over these catalysts. Other strong acids such as heteropoly acids have also demonstratedh igh conversion into MEK in the temperature range 150-180 8C. [11] The selectivity to MEK varied from 50 to 95 %, the main byproducts were the corresponding dioxolanes and 2-methylpropanal( MP). Zeolites were found to be active catalysts for transforming BDO into MEK in the temperature range 230-350 8C. [1f, 13-15] Differentz eolite structures, including FAU, MFI, MOR, and BEA, have also been tested. Whereas medium-pore zeolites favored MEK formation, the large-pore zeolitesy ielded acetals andk etals. [13] The selective synthesis of 3B2OL and BD from BDO has been achieved over less acidic solids and at higher temperatures. [8b, 16, 17] The first attempts for 3B2OL and BD synthesis go back to the 1940s.W infield [16] studied al arge number of metal oxidesa nd salts and found that the best catalyst for 3B2OL and BD production is ThO 2 .T hey disclosed that over ThO 2 , 3B2OL can be obtained with ay ield of 70 %a t3 50 8C, whereas 62 %y ield of BD can be reached at 500 8C. [16] Significant contribution to the synthesis of 3B2OL and BD from BDO has been madeb yt he group of Sato et al. [8b, 17, 18] during the few last years. These authors have investigated BDO dehydration over al arge range of rare-earth-oxidec atalysts. They disclosedt hat Sc 2 O 3 calcined at 800 8Cs hows excellent catalytic activity at 325 8Cw ith 85 %s electivity to 3B2OL at 2,3-Butanediol (BDO) is an excellent feedstock for expanding the network of bio-based chemicals through catalytic technologies. The dehydration of BDO provides an alternative green route to important chemicals such as methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and1 ,3-butadiene (BD). In this contribution, we report on the catalytic performanceo fb oron (BP), aluminum (AlP), titanium (TiP), zirconium (ZrP), and niobium (NbP) phosphates in BDO dehydration.T he kinetic study points to three reaction pathways operating over phosphate catalysts, leading to MEK, 2-methyl-propanal( MP), and BD via intermediate 3-butene-2-ol (3B2OL) formation. The major reaction pathway is shownt oi nvolve pinacolr earrangementt oM EK. The reactivity of phosphates is found to increasei nt he order:B P< TiP < ZrP = NbP < AlP.T he best catalytic performance is achieved over Al...

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