Introduction. In the emerging digital economy, microelectronics is a driver of civilizational progress, ensuring technological sovereignty, and determines the level of development of modern society. Its elemental base is continuously developing and improving in the direction of microminiaturization of electronic components and complex miniaturization of equipment. In this regard, the purpose of the study was a hygienic assessment of operational conditions and the functional state of the visual analyzer in employees working in the modern production of microchips and semiconductor devices.Material and methods. At the workplaces of the radio components collectors there were measured sound levels, artificial lighting, and microclimate parameters; air pollution by chemicals; the hardness and intensity of work are estimated based on timing observations. The functional state of the organ of vision was studied once and in the dynamics of the working day. The operation of the accommodation apparatus, as well as the state of the receptor link on the thresholds of color perception, were studied.Results. Levels of chemical and physical factors of the operational environment during assembly, sealing, and labeling operations were revealed not to be over normalized values. According to the results of timing observations, the time of use of optical instruments is from 55 to 75% of the shift, which characterizes the work process as stressful as grade 3 (harmful) 1st and 2nd degree, according to the duration of being in a fixed sitting position for more than 50% of the time, the severity of labor is estimated as grade 3 1st degree. The obtained data indicate a decrease in the volume of accommodation of the eye and an increase in color discrimination thresholds in the dynamics of the working day.Discussion. In shaping the operational conditions of workers who assemble and control products, the decisive role belongs to the hardness and intensity of the labor process, in particular, to the long-term restriction of motor activity in a fixed sitting position and the visual load associated with performing precision work using optical instruments. A change in the function of vision, characterized by a violation of the accommodative ability of the eye, a decrease in color perception, indicates the development of visual fatigue in collectors.Conclusion. Despite the modernization of production equipment, a significant proportion of labor operations for the assembly of products are carried out manually. Given the impossibility of ensuring complete automation of technological processes at the enterprises, preventive measures should be aimed at organizing a rational mode of operation that provides relief of vision.

Introduction. The target organs of laser radiation include the skin and the organ of vision. The danger of laser beams for the visual analyzer determined the main direction of research in this area, which focused on the study of the damaging effect of radiation on the organ of vision. The aim of the study is a hygienic assessment of laser radiation from projectors used in cultural events. Materials and methods. Measurements were carried out on 10 multi-color projectors with capacities from 2 to 30 watts belonging to 2 classes: Kvant and Spectrum and wavelengths of 445-460 nm, 520-532 nm, and 637-640 nm with a tuned projection system at a distance of 7 m from the scanning system. Results. Analysis of the data obtained showed that, with the exception of the blue spectral region for Kvant 2000 and 3000 projectors, there is an excess of the maximum permissible levels at all wavelengths for all projectors. The greatest exceedances were detected 7-11 times at a wavelength of 532 nm, 8 times at a wavelength of 637 nm. Limitations. The study was conducted on a limited number of projectors, and the remote control was calculated only for the time of the flashing reflex, which limits the possibilities of a broader interpretation of the data obtained. Conclusion. The probability of exceeding the maximum permissible levels of laser radiation at the available capacities jeopardizes the safety of the event for both visitors and actors and projector operators. This issue requires a deeper study of protective measures at all levels: both organizational and household.

Background: The problem of protecting and maintaining health of workers in the microelectronics industry exposed to adverse occupational factors including tension and overstrain of the muscles of the upper extremities and visual strain, gains special relevance. Objective: Introduction of the developed and patented low-level laser therapy techniques to recover functions of vision and the musculoskeletal system impaired in the course of work. Materials and methods: The study involved 65 chip assemblers aged 26–41 years. Their eyes, the back of the hands, and the collar area were exposed to low-level laser radiation from the red region of the spectrum. All employees were examined by a neurologist and a surgeon and their working conditions were evaluated. The accommodation apparatus was tested using an AKA-01 type accommodation meter. Results: After five 10-minute sessions, we registered an increase in the volume of absolute accommodation during the observation period before and after the work shift by 28 % and 19 %, respectively. On subsequent days of observation, we noted an increase in the accommodation during 10 days, followed by a decrease by the 30th day of observation. Application of preventive techniques helped eliminate spinal cord disorders in all workers. Blood circulation in fingers increased by 66 % compared to the initial condition. Discussion: Low-level laser therapy improves blood supply, intensifies redox processes in the retina of the eye, skin cells, and blood vessels. Conclusions: Low-level laser radiation of the red region of the spectrum relieves the spasm of accommodation and normalizes the efficiency of the accommodation apparatus. Such laser therapy helps eliminate spinal cord disorders and improve blood circulation. Introduction of the developed techniques can prevent occupational diseases and reduce disability in patients.

Introduction: With the spread of laser technologies in various spheres of human activity, the number of exposures to laser radiation of a wide range of users unfamiliar with specifics of its health effects, including those in everyday life, has increased, thus resulting in an increased number of traumas in the general population in recent years. Objectives: To search for data on the biological mechanisms of action of visible laser radiation in Russian and foreign scientific literature and to analyze adverse health effects of this exposure encountered in domestic and international practice. Methods: We searched for Russian and foreign full-text open access literary sources in Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI) and PubMed databases of biomedical publications for 1969–2019 and selected the most appropriate ones for review. Results: Both Russian and foreign researchers note that human exposure to laser radiation induces specific and non-specific responses at all tissue levels of organization. The extent and nature of developing morphological changes depend on the radiation wavelength, exposure time, power, energy and its density per unit of the irradiated surface. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that portable laser pointers and powerful laser projectors may cause retinal damage, traumatic macular holes and, in some cases, loss of vision. Despite frequently registered good visual recovery, general availability of commercial laser devices poses potential danger, especially for minors, and substantiates the need to raise public awareness of laser safety.

Background: The shipbuilding industry is one of the leading sectors of the national economy of our country. In St. Petersburg, shipyards employ up to 60 % of all blue-collar workers, most of them being engineering technicians and shipbuilding specialists. Chippers occupy a special place among the latter. It is known that chippers performing heavy and extremely heavy physical labor often develop occupational diseases induced by hand and arm overstrain, such as epicondylosis, rotator cuff syndrome, and osteoarthritis. Prolonged static and dynamic loads on the upper extremities in combination with hand-arm vibration and forced postures cause dystrophic changes in the cartilage (arthrosis), and then in the bone tissue (osteoarthritis), thus necessitating appropriate preventive measures to preserve work ability of shipbuilders, including chippers. Objective: To evaluate effectiveness of specially developed and patented techniques based exposure to low-intensity laser radiation for restoring occupationally impaired functions of the musculoskeletal system. Material and methods: In 2021, we studied working conditions of 38 chippers and 25 engineering technicians aged 35 to 58 years, with at least 10 years of employment, experiencing muscle tension and overstrain of the upper extremities. All the workers were examined by a surgeon and a neurologist. To restore the functional state of the upper limb blood supply, laser radiation in the red region of the spectrum was applied to the back surface of workers’ hands. Regional blood circulation of the hands was then evaluated using a Mizar-REO rheograph, Mizar LLC, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation. Results: After ten 5-minute sessions of radiation therapy, the number of complaints of general fatigue, irritability, lethargy, weakness, and sleep disturbance decreased by 2.5 and 3 times in chippers and engineering technicians, respectively. The number of complaints of headaches, pain in the heart and hands reduced as well. Only two chippers reported persistence of some minor pains in their hands. The regional blood circulation also demonstrated an objective improvement. Conclusion: Exposure of the dorsal side of hands to low-intensity laser radiation in the red region of the spectrum effectively relieves vasospasm of the upper extremities and leads to an improvement in blood supply. Introduction of the developed preventive care measure will contribute to occupational disease and disability prevention.