Heat, water and gas supply in temples and churches are considered, taking into account the different number of people present at the Liturgy and burning candles. The formulas for determining the above-listed proceeds from paraffin candles depending on the mass of single instances. For the reconstructed Church of St. John, the Baptist at Holy Protection Cathedral in the city of Voronezh is designed of harmful emissions, and air exchange for their assimilation at different occupancy rates and given the average statistics of bought room of candles. Expressions for summary determine the total heat and moisture depending on the number of parishioners. It is recommended to use split and multi-split air conditioning systems in reconstructed and restored churches without disturbing the aesthetics of frescoes and the location of icons. The cooling capacity of such installations should be selected to ensure the required parameters of the microclimate with the occupancy of temples less than 75 % of the calculated taking into account the regulatory requirements for individual volume.
The energy balance of buildings depends greatly on the type of external fencing, including translucent. The article presents a brief description of different types of daylighting systems that have different optical, geometric and thermal characteristics. The change in these characteristics affects the quality of lighting in the room, as well as determines the operating costs associated with losses and heat flows into the building through translucent fences. The task of comparing and choosing the optimal daylighting system should take into account all of the above factors. The authors propose a complex comparison criterion that takes into account thermal, optical, operational properties and capital costs. The structure of the proposed criterion allows you to add new indicators or remove irrelevant for a particular consumer comparison parameters. The method is composed and the calculated dependences for determining the numerical value of individual indicators included in the complex criterion are given. All parameters included in the proposed criterion have no dimension. This makes it possible to reduce the dependence of the calculations on changes in current energy prices.
Parts of buildings that have a fence in contact with the ground have some calculation features. One of the most important tasks is to determine the calculated air temperature in the basement of a building. As a result of the analysis of normative literature, it is revealed that there is no single methodology for solving this problem. To determine the correctness of the available calculation formulas, an experiment was carried out to measure the air temperature in the basement of a residential building. Measurements were carried out during two months of the heating season in the climatic conditions of the city Voronezh. As a result of processing the measured data, the dependence of the air temperature in the basement on the outdoor air temperature was determined. The resulting dependence is linear. Theoretical calculations of the air temperature in the basement at different values of the air exchange multiplicity and outdoor air temperature were also carried out. Comparison of calculated and experimental data showed that the discrepancy is minimal at positive outdoor temperatures. When the outdoor temperature decreases, the deviation of the calculated values from the experimental ones becomes more and more significant. The dependence of the temperature difference between the temperature of the basement and the outdoor air was also studied. The type of dependence obtained allowed us to offer a simplified method for determining the calculated air temperature in the basement.
Обоснована актуальность исследования влияния автозаправочных станций на окружающую среду в условиях городской застройки. Проанализирована нормативная литература, регламентирующая строительство, эксплуатацию АЗС и обеспечение экологической безопасности при выбросе вредных веществ. На основании теоретических, экспериментальных и численных исследований предложена методика оценки экологической безопасности городских АЗС, основанная на многокритериальном анализе факторов, влияющих на распространение вредных веществ от всех источников загрязнения атмосферы, расположенных на территории АЗС, с учетом прилегающей городской застройки. Разработаны мероприятия по повышению экологической безопасности, разделенные на группы: конструктивно-технические, организационно-правовые и планировочно-градостроительные. Выполнена стоимостная оценка реализации мероприятий. Проанализированы ежегодные затраты на плату за негативное воздействие на окружающую среду от АЗС. Выполнена сравнительная экономическая оценка обеспечения экологической безопасности и приведено обоснование необходимости применения мероприятий по снижению уровня негативного воздействия выбросов от АЗС. In the article, we substantiate the relevance of the study of the gas stations influence on the environment in urban development. We analyzed the normative literature regulating gas stations construction and operation as well as ensuring environmental safety during the emission of harmful substances. Based on theoretical, experimental and numerical studies, we offer a methodology for assessing environmental safety of urban gas stations. This methodology is based on a multi-criteria analysis of factors affecting the harmful substances spread from all sources of atmospheric pollution located on the territory of the gas station, taking into account the adjacent urban development. We developed several measures to improve the environmental safety. The measures are divided into some groups: structural and technical, organizational and legal, and urban planning. We calculated the implementation of the measures. We analyzed the annual payment for the negative impact on the environment from the gas stations. We economically assessed the environmental safety provision and justified the need of applying measures for reducing the level of negative impact of gas stations emissions.
Проанализирована актуальность строительства объектов культурно-массового назначения. Описана целесообразность проектирования многофункциональных трансформируемых помещений для общественных зданий. Приведены достоинства и недостатки применения рециркуляции воздуха как способа энергосбережения. Акцентировано внимание на поддержании чистоты воздуха в помещении и способах борьбы с бактериями и вирусами в приточном воздухе. Предложена схема многозональной общеобменной вентиляции воздуха без рециркуляции с блокированием кондиционеров для взаимозаменяемости с целью обеспечения микроклимата в многофункциональных помещениях общественных зданий. Описана последовательность работы системы вентиляции в теплый и холодный период года. Разработана система рекуперации с промежуточным холодоносителем для теплого периода года. Приведено описание работы установки кондиционирования воздуха. На примере реально существующего объекта выполнено численное исследование режимов работы системы вентиляции с рекуперацией теплоты и холода для трансформируемого помещения. Построен график для определения граничных условий работы рекуператора исходя из соотношения между интенсивностью теплообмена за счёт конвекции и интенсивностью теплообмена за счёт теплопроводности. При различных наружных температурах воздуха и расчетных температурах уходящего воздуха построены графики определения оптимальных параметров температуры воздуха на входе в утилизатор при оптимальных значениях водяного эквивалента . Выявлены и описаны режимы работы кондиционеров с теплоутилизатором в теплый период года, работающих в составе многозональной общеобменной вентиляции воздуха с блокированием кондиционеров для взаимозаменяемости. В ходе численного исследования выявлено, что наибольшая энергоэффективность системы вентиляции с рекуператором будет достигнута при принятии в качестве оптимального значения водяного эквивалента W = 3. We analyzed the relevance of cultural facilities construction. As well, we described the expediency of designing multifunctional transformable spaces for public buildings. Moreover we presented advantages and disadvantages of using air recirculation as a method of energy saving. A special attention is focused on maintaining indoor air clean and on various ways of combatting bacteria and viruses in the intake air. We offered a scheme of multi-zone forced air ventilation without recirculation with blocking air conditioners for interchangeability in order to provide a microclimate in multifunctional spaces of public buildings. We described the sequence of operations in the ventilation system in warm and cold seasons. We also developed a recuperation system with an intermediate refrigerant for warm seasons. The article presents a detailed description of the air conditioning unit operation. We carried out a numerical study of the operating modes of the ventilation system with heat and cold recovery for transformable spaces on the example of a real-existing facility. We show a graph to determine the boundary conditions of the recuperator operation based on the ratio between the intensity of heat transfer due to convection and the intensity of heat transfer due to thermal conductivity. At various outside air temperatures and design temperatures of the outgoing air, we created some graphs for determining the optimal parameters of the air temperature at the inlet to the heat exchanger at the optimal values of the water equivalent. We identified and described several modes of operation of air conditioners with a heat exchanger in warm seasons, operating as part of a multi-zone forced air ventilation with blocking air conditioners for interchangeability. In the course of a numerical study, it was revealed that the highest energy efficiency of a ventilation system with a recuperator could be achieved when the water equivalent value W = 3 is taken as the optimal value.
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