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Исследование организации тушения крупных пожаров в оперативных пожарных подразделениях проводится на постоянной основе в целях повышения уровня боеготовности. Критериями отбора крупных пожаров является количество пострадавших людей и размеры материального ущерба, но в категорию крупных по формальным признакам попадает большое количество пожаров, не представляющих интереса для исследования. Учитывая широкое разнообразие условий деятельности пожарных подразделений Российской Федерации, проблематично определить приемлемый критерий отнесения пожаров к крупным. Research on the organization of large fire extinguishing in operational fire departments is carried out on an ongoing basis in order to improve the level of combat readiness. The criteria for selecting large fires are determined by the number of people affected and the amount of material damage, but a large number of fires that are not of interest to the study fall into the category of large fires based on formal criteria. Taking into account wide variety of operating conditions of fire departments in the Russian Federation, it is problematic to determine an acceptable criterion for classifying fires as large ones. For operational divisions, the allocation of large fires from among others is carried out in order to determine the most difficult cases from the point of view of fire tactics, to identify positive experience for further use. For a long period of firefighting history there have been preserved a large number of fire descriptions, which gradually formed the methodology of scientific research of fires. As far as it was possible to trace the development of methods for studying large fires, the earliest sources were able to find Instructions for the study of fires, developed jointly by employees of the Main Fire Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR and VNIIPO. The analysis of this Instruction and subsequent normative documents allowed us to trace the evolution of fire research methods in the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation over a period of 70 years. The study of historical experience allows not to repeat old mistakes. Therefore, one of the foundations for fire service development has always been the study of experience. In order to maximize the use of experience, it is desirable to include in the research circle as many fires as possible, and ideally all fires, which in real conditions is not always possible for many reasons. In this case, it is advisable to use a method similar to the Pareto Principle, when the study of a relatively small number of fires allows to make useful conclusions applicable to the entire population. But in practice, it is still physically impossible to investigate more than 120-150 cases of fires in order to effectively organize the entire process from the collection and processing the materials to study and implementation of relevant innovations in the fire departments of the Russian Federation. The article discusses the main problematic issues and suggests a possible way to solve them.

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Экономический рост предприятий нефтегазового комплекса (НГК) неизбежно влечет за собой повышение уровня их пожарной опасности. Обеспечение их противопожарной защиты в современных условиях требует применения принципиально новых технических решений. Одним из перспективных путей решения проблемы представляется совместное использование групп мобильных робототехнических комплексов (РТК) и традиционных средств пожаротушения. В статье рассматривается вопрос группового применения мобильных РТК. For oil and gas complex facilities there are provided the highest safety requirements. Every year in Russia there are recorded up to 100 man-made accidents at the facilities of this industry, about half of which are fires. Large-scale fires occur every 6 - 8 years. But despite the high level of fire hazard of the industry it is necessary to increase production for profitability insurance. The most cost-effective way of industry development is to increase the volume of single tanks, to reduce both fire breaks to save space in farm area and technological costs. But under these conditions a fire in one of the tanks can cause a cascade fire development with spreading over the whole tank farm and adjacent area. The development and improvement of fire control equipment are carried out in parallel with the development of the industry. Fire equipment is improved, namely, there is increased the power of power plants, the level of fire protection, the productivity of pump installations and monitor nozzles. But the resource for increasing the tactical capabilities of fire divisions by improving existing equipment is almost exhausted. The main deterrent is the presence of a “human operator” who needs to be protected from the fire impact. Increasing the power and efficiency of fire extinguishing equipment imposes increased requirements for the reaction speed and accuracy of human-operator actions. The accumulated experience of fire fighting and the level of robotics development in EMERCOM of Russia allow to move to the stage of development of practical application of robots on fires, which corresponds to the general trends of science and technology development oriented to the concept “Industry 4.0.” Existing fire-fighting technologies requiring human participation in hazardous areas limit the possibility of improving the fire-fighting effectiveness. Active implementation of robotics is a necessary condition for complex development of fire safety system and industry.