Oxidative stress is a pathological condition occurring due to an imbalance between the oxidants and antioxidant defense systems in the body. Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2), encoded by the gene NFE2L2, is the master regulator of phase II antioxidant enzymes that protect against oxidative stress and inflammation. NRF2/ARE signaling has been considered as a promising target against oxidative stress-mediated diseases like diabetes, fibrosis, neurotoxicity, and cancer. The consumption of dietary phytochemicals acts as an effective modulator of NRF2/ARE in various acute and chronic diseases. In the present review, we discussed the role of NRF2 in diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), cancer, and atherosclerosis. Additionally, we discussed the phytochemicals like curcumin, quercetin, resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate, apigenin, sulforaphane, and ursolic acid that have effectively modified NRF2 signaling and prevented various diseases in both in vitro and in vivo models. Based on the literature, it is clear that dietary phytochemicals can prevent diseases by (1) blocking oxidative stress-inhibiting inflammatory mediators through inhibiting Keap1 or activating Nrf2 expression and its downstream targets in the nucleus, including HO-1, SOD, and CAT; (2) regulating NRF2 signaling by various kinases like GSK3beta, PI3/AKT, and MAPK; and (3) modifying epigenetic modulation, such as methylation, at the NRF2 promoter region; however, further investigation into other upstream signaling molecules like NRF2 and the effect of phytochemicals on them still need to be investigated in the near future.

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In Sverdlovsk region Holsteinized black-and-white cattle of Ural type are bred. This livestock is represented by highly productive animals with a high genetic potential for productivity. The aim of the research is to study the productive qualities of the Holsteinized black-and-white cattle with a high proportion of blood relationship to Holstein breed. Milk yield increases with age of cows. The difference between the first and second lactation amounts to 1.084 kg or 11.4%, and between the second and third lactation it is 326 kg (3.0%). In general, the milk yield of mature (full-aged) cows was higher by 1.410 kg or 14.9% than the milk yield of first-calves It is known that mature full-aged cows have a productivity 30% higher than the first-calves. I. e. the genetic potential of the farm broodstock of full-aged cows is within 12.595 kg, and this potential is not fully used. The farm uses cows that are quite different in terms of milk yield. The fluctuations in milk yield from lactation to lactation are 7.060 kg (1st lactation), 10.210 kg (2nd lactation) and 6.785 kg (3rd lactation). In terms of the milk quality indicators – MFF (mass fraction of fat) and MFP (mass fraction of protein) no significant differences in lactation were established, although a certain positive tendency was observed for increase of MFF with age gaining in reference to the first-calves.

The article assumes that in the Sverdlovsk region, breeding bulls of the Holstein breed with high efficiency according to their maternal ancestors were used on the breeding stock of the black-mottled breed of the Ural spawn. Animals of this type are of high efficiency. The efficiency evaluation of Ural type cows is urgent. The aim of the work is to evaluate the efficiency of the new genotype cows in terms of their milk yield qualities. It has been found that dairy cows show high milk yields. In accordance with physiological laws, they increase until the fourth lactation, and then gradually go down. The first insemination of replacement heifers on the farm is carried out at the age of 18-19 months with a live weight of over 400 kg. This makes it possible to breed healthy strong animals capable of breeding for a long time and having high milk yield. The maximum milk yield is from 21 kg to 1986 kg (from 0.2% to 35.3%); it is more than the actual one. The farm has reserves for increasing milk yield due to measures for the milk efficiency of the first-year heifers and other cows. It will significantly increase the milk yield in the third and further lactation. The authors calculated the life-long milk yield. It turned out that in fact, 84,450 kg of milk can be obtained from a dairy cow during 10 lactations. The efficiency potential of lifetime productivity, based on the maximum milk yield per lactation, was 7077 kg or 8.4% higher. The predicted potential shows that 104 101 kg of milk can be obtained from a dairy cow during 11 lactations. The efficiency fluctuations by lactation are significant; and from the first to the 5th lactation they exceed 150% of the minimum milk yield of dairy cows to the maximum in the same lactation. So, it is possible to make a conclusion about the great changeability of this feature in the herd and the great possibilities of selection at carrying out selection and breeding work on the farm.

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