No abstract

The article examines the theoretical problems of reforming pension systems, taking into account the experience of developed countries. Attention is focused on the problems of population aging and increasing demographic burden on the working population. The variety of approaches to the formation of the pension insurance system is analyzed. The relevance of the inclusion of indicators of the theoretical percentage of replacement of labor income by pension and the aggregate percentage of replacement for the modeling of the three-level pension system is emphasized. The problem of pension provision for citizens is particularly relevant for Ukraine, which has been experiencing a steady depopulation of the population for the past 30 years. Under such circumstances, it is very relevant to study theoretical justifications and statistical measurements, generalize the experience of developed countries, take into account the variety of approaches and develop national priorities and directions for reforming the pension system of Ukraine. Demographic changes present pension systems with complex issues of ensuring the fairness and adequacy of pension payments, the sustainability of the systems themselves, and achieving intergenerational equality. The degree of implementation of the function of smoothing citizens' incomes after the termination of employment by various pension systems is partially characterized by the indicator of the theoretical percentage of replacement of labor income by pension (TRR). The replacement rate shows the estimated amount of the hypothetical pension of an employee with an average salary during the first year after the appointment of a pension compared to the earnings before retirement in the base case (with a 40-year career and retirement at the official retirement age). Another possible indicator of the level of pension provision — the aggregated replacement rate (ARR) — shows the ratio of the median income of persons of the retirement age group to the median income from work of the population of the pre-retirement decade. The trends of increasing the retirement age and the introduction of various savings programs to increase personal interest in pension insurance are characteristic not only of countries with a high, but also with an average and below-average level of economic development. Keywords: population aging, demographic burden, pension systems, theoretical percentage of labor income by pension replacement, aggregated percentage of replacement.

No abstract

The European experience of regional development policy is based on three basic principles: systematic, institutional, complementary. Moving away from the dichotomous position of "donor or outsider", "centralization or decentralization" to a broader platform "community-state" allows us to form a kind of theoretical starting position on the development and implementation of a set of state reforms at which a higher level of socio-economic development can be achieved. The methodological basis for studying institutional complementarity for regional development analysis may be the use of mesoeconomic analysis. It is the mesoeconomic level that can be seen as an opportunity to pass between two methodological extremes: individualism and holism. The current problems of regional development of Ukraine are caused by considerable micro- and macroeconomic constraints. The main constraints are demographic negatives, de-industrialization, high consumption of production resources, in particular, low energy efficiency, and an increased burden on debt. The most destabilizing role is played by military events in the East. The experience of combining centralization and decentralization eliminates the dichotomy and emphasizes the contradictory unity of both processes. The priority of regional policy must be to develop the scientific, technological and innovative potential of the regions. The process of dissemination of innovation must go from centralized to regional. It is important to combine state support funds with their own resources and direct them to implement regional and local development strategies, support the implementation of innovations, the development of new production, small and medium-sized businesses. An example of using a mesoeconomic approach as a theoretical compromise on centralization and decentralization is the training of higher education professionals. Reform of the emergency medical care system should also be based on the complementarity of old and new forms of organization, especially in remote areas. We consider it appropriate to use the European experience of mesoeconomic approaches to confirm the possibility of complementary development of the regions of Ukraine. Keywords: regional policy, institutional complementarity, mesoeconomics, non-uniformity, decentralization

У статті розглянуто особливості впливу соціальних інновацій на розвиток міжнародного ринку освітніх послуг. Обґрунтовано важливість дослідження діалектики капіталізації та соціалізації. Наведено динаміку коефіцієнту соціалізації в Україні за останні роки. Відзначено методологічну цінність використання феномену соціальних інновацій для оцінки напрямків розвитку експорту послуг вищої освіти. Підкреслено суперечливий характер їхнього впливу на суспільні процеси взагалі та на інтернаціоналізацію вищої освіти зокрема. Запропоновано систематизацію механізмів соціальних інновацій. Відзначено зростаючу експортну роль міжнародних освітніх цифрових платформ. Проаналізовано передовий досвід окремих країн із стимулювання студентської мобільності та підтримки дослідницької діяльності студентів у контексті експорту послуг вищої освіти.