Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет им. А.И. Евдокимова Россия, 127473, Москва, ул. Делегатская, 20/1 В обзорной статье обсуждаются современные данные о влиянии патофизиологических характеристик хронической обструктивной болезни легких (ХОБЛ) на ремоделирование сердца при отсутствии сопутствующих сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний, факторов сердечно-сосудистого риска и хронической легочной гипертензии. Вопреки традиционным представлениям о преимущественном вовлечении в патологический процесс правых камер сердца у больных ХОБЛ результаты ряда исследований, проведенных в последние годы, свидетельствуют о непо-средственном участии легочной гиперинфляции и эмфиземы в нарушениях диастолического наполнения и морфологических параметров левого желудочка (ЛЖ). Основным механизмом диастолической дисфункции ЛЖ у больных ХОБЛ с выраженной гиперинфляцией и эмфи-земой является снижение преднагрузки на фоне ремоделирования легочного сосудистого русла, механическая компрессия камер сердца, которая повышает ригидность миокарда. Интересными, малоизученными и противоречивыми остаются вопросы гипертрофии миокарда ЛЖ у больных ХОБЛ без сопутствующей кардиальной патологии -легочная гиперинфляция, повышение жесткости сосудистой стенки и ак-тивация симпатоадреналовой системы рассматриваются в качестве возможных факторов ее развития. Применение спекл-трекинг эхокар-диографии позволяет выявлять субклинические нарушения систолической функции ЛЖ у больных ХОБЛ уже при умеренной степени брон-хиальной обструкции и без сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. К значимым патофизиологическим механизмам формирования систолической дисфункции относятся саркопения, обусловленная активацией системных воспалительных реакций с развитием нарушений энергетического обмена, и хроническая гипоксия. Современная бронходилатирующая терапия ХОБЛ позволяет уменьшать выраженность легочной гипер-инфляции, в связи с чем необходимо активное изучение возможности воздействия фармакологической редукции легочных объемов на за-медление развития и прогрессирования дисфункции миокарда.Ключевые слова: хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких, диастолическая дисфункция, систолическая дисфункция, левый желудочек, эмфизема, легочная гиперинфляция, саркопения. The paper aimed to present evidence of the effect of some pathophysiological features of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) on cardiac remodeling in patients free of overt cardiovascular diseases, traditional cardiovascular risk factors and pulmonary hypertension. Contrary to traditional beliefs that cardiac abnormalities in COPD have been mainly associated with the right ventricle, several recent studies have shown an independent effect of pulmonary hyperinflation and emphysema on left ventricular (LV) diastolic filling and LV hypertrophy. Pulmonary hyperinflation and emphysema cause intrathoracic hypovolemia, low preload, small end-diastolic dimension and mechanical compression of LV chamber which could worsen end-diastolic stiffness. Interestingly, that the presence of LV hypertrophy in COPD...

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Mast cells play an important role in many processes occurring in the human body. These include inflammation, allergic reactions, parasitic infections, carcinogenesis and others. Therefore, the detection of mast cells plays an important role in the diagnosis of pathological conditions. The purpose of the study is to summarize data on imaging methods of mast cells. Materials and methods. Review of available literature sources published in Elibrary and PubMed. Results. There are several major groups of methods for finding mast cells: histochemical, enzyme-linked histochemical and immunohistochemical. All are based on the ability to detect specific substances contained in mast cell granules. Histochemical methods include Unno, alcian blue and safranin staining of mast cells and others. The most modern method is mast cell visualisation using immunohistochemical reactions based on antigen-antibody reactions. Conclusion. This review presents the most common methods of mast cell staining, differing in difficulty of performance, specificity in relation to mast cells and staining cost.

The adrenal gland is one of the first organs to respond to external influences. Cortisol, with its important properties affecting the immune system, proliferation and apoptosis in various tissues, is a significant indicator of such a pathological process as malignant growth. Selenium is a powerful antioxidant having an immunomodulatory action and exhibiting anticarcinogenic effects. In this paper, we investigate adrenal morphofunctional changes under experimental carcinogenesis against the background of urethane and selenium administration by determining blood cortisol concentrations and studying the aggregate morphometric index of adrenal glands. The study revealed that carcinogen introduction imitates the adaptation syndrome stages in the organism and is accompanied by changes in the cortisol level and aggregate morphometric index. Maximal values of the studied parameters were detected after 1 month of exposure to carcinogen, which indicated the development of the alarm phase. A further decrease in the indices after 2 and 3 months down to the intact level indicates the development of the resistance stage. A sharp decrease in the indices after 6 months shows the exhaustion stage. An isolated course introduction of selenium leads to a reliable decrease in the aggregate morphometric index practically in all terms that indicates the stress-relieving influence of the microelement. The combined effects of selenium and carcinogen revealed a dropout of the alarm stage, but rapid elimination of the micronutrient from the body could not prevent the development of the exhaustion phase after 6 months.

Micro- and macroelements play a significant role in the unimpaired functioning of all organs and systems. Important essential trace elements include selenium, which plays a crucial role in many physiological processes, including immune responses. The purpose is to generalize available data on the effect of selenium on the functioning of various organs and systems of the human body. Materials and methods. This literature review presents data on the effect of selenium on the body, published in domestic and foreign literature sources. Results. Selenium belongs to essential trace elements; it is a part of various proteins and enzymes that have cytoprotective, antitumor, antimutagenic effects. In addition, selenium participates in the functioning of the body's endocrine, reproductive, immune and antioxidant systems, although it was previously considered one of the most toxic trace elements. Many studies have been devoted to the analysis of selenium's effect on the processes of carcinogenesis and prevention of the development of tumor processes of various localization. Selenium-containing enzymes play one of the leading roles in anti-carcinogenic action, as they take part in the antioxidant defense of the body, regulate apoptosis and cell proliferation, protect desoxyribonucleic acid from damage, affect the metabolism and detoxification of carcinogens. Conclusions. The study of selenium's antitumor effect is of the greatest interest at present, since the number of patients with oncopathology is increasing every year.