C-Mannosylation is a unique form of protein glycosylation, involving the C-glycosidic attachment of a mannosyl residue to the indole moiety of Trp. In the two examples found so far, human RNase 2 and interleukin-12, only the first Trp in the recognition motif WXXW is specifically C-mannosylated. To establish the generality of protein C-mannosylation, and to learn more about its mechanism, the terminal components of the human complement system (C6, C7, C8,and C9), which contain multiple and complex recognition motifs, were examined. Together with C5b they form the cytolytic agent, the membrane attack complex. These are the first proteins that are C-mannosylated on more than one Trp residue as follows: six in C6, four in C7, C8␣, and C8, and two in C9. Thus, from the 113 Trp residues in the complete membrane attack complex, 50 were found to undergo C-mannosylation. The other important finding is that in C6, C7, C8, and C9 Trp residues without a second Trp (or another aromatic residue) at the ؉3 position can be C-mannosylated. This shows that they must contain an additional C-mannosylation signal. Whether this is encoded in the primary or tertiary structure is presently unknown. Finally, all modified Trp residues are part of the highly conserved core of the thrombospondin type 1 repeats present in these proteins. Since this module has been found in a large number of other proteins, the results suggest further candidates for C-mannosylation.
Тюменский государственный университет, Тюмень, Россия a https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7981-575X; b https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5267-8759 АННОТАЦИЯ В статье рассмотрен один из главных инструментов «зеленого» финансирования -«зеленый» кредит. Это кредит, предназначенный для экологических проектов, связанных с сельским хозяйством, возобновляемыми источниками энергии, экологически чистой промышленностью и др. Поставлены задачи: проанализировать существующие исследования по данной теме, исследовать регулирующие аспекты «зеленого» кредитования, его основные виды, влияние на экономические показатели банка, преимущества и недостатки. Анализ существующих исследований показал недостаточную проработку сущности «зеленого» кредита. Определен только теоретический аспект его влияния на деятельность банка без оценки практического эффекта. Авторы изучили влияние «зеленого» кредита на результаты работы банка на примере показателя просроченных кредитов. Для анализа использованы панельные данные десяти из 24 крупнейших банков Китая с 2012 по 2017 г. Оценка осуществлена на основе модели со случайными эффектами. Расчеты проведены с использованием обобщенного метода наименьших квадратов в MSEXCEL. Выявлено, что присутствие «зеленых» кредитов в кредитном портфеле банка способствует снижению показателя просроченных кредитов. Определено, что основными факторами, влияющими на принятие решения заемщиком и кредитором, являются репутация, общественное, акционерное и нормативное давление, альтернативные пулы капитала, кредитные профили, доступность, требования к капиталу. Однако сейчас отсутствует стандарт кредитной документации для «зеленого» кредита. Для эффективности и целесообразности данного финансового инструмента необходимо дальнейшее развитие нормативных регулирующих положений, изменение подходов к раскрытию информации по вопросам устойчивости в нефинансовой части в рамках годовой отчетности. Сделан вывод о быстром развитии и расширении практики использования «зеленого» кредита, что обусловлено гибкостью условий его предоставления и доступностью. Ключевые слова: «зеленые» финансы; «зеленые» кредиты; принципы «зеленого» кредита; просроченные кредиты; банки Китая; модель случайных эффектов Для цитирования: Мирошниченко О. С., Мостовая Н. А. «Зеленый» кредит как инструмент «зеленого» финансирования. Финансы: теория и практика. 2019;23(2):31-43. ABSTRACTThe article describes one of the main tools of green financing -the green loan. This is a loan designed for environmental projects related to agriculture, renewable energy sources, environmentally friendly industry, etc. The tasks are to analyze the current research on this topic, to study the regulatory aspects of green lending, its main types, impact on the bank economic indicators, advantages and disadvantages. The analysis of the current research has shown insufficient development of the idea of the green loan. It is only the theoretical aspect of its influence on the bank activities that has been defined, not its practical effect. The authors studied the green loan impact on the results ...
Achieving the goals of sustainable development and the transition to a green economy requires significant financial resources. Banks are active participants in the financing of projects and industries with a positive environmental and social impact. In this regard, the emerging responsible banking and its regulation are of scientific and practical interest, which ensures the relevance of the study. The aim of the study is to generalize and systematize the results of scientific research on the participation of banks in financing the green economy. In the context of the historical approach, the authors apply the methods of critical analysis, logical generalization, systematization, and grouping. The research is based on scientific publications by Russian and foreign authors. As a result, the authors substantiated the correlation of the concepts “green”,“sustainable”,“responsible” bank, and identified that such green financial instruments as green bonds, in some countries — green loans, green deposits, green leasing, and green insurance are being introduced into banking practices. Responsible banking is regulated using monetary and macroprudential policy instruments; in some countries, incentive-based regulation of responsible banking is mandatory. The authors concluded that responsible banking is moving towards the transformation of classic products and services into environmentally and socially oriented ones, accompanied by the transformation of business processes, management culture, and the content of banking policy. Responsible banking contributes to ensuring financial stability, but the regulator needs to use macroprudential tools to timely identify a green credit bubble, including through climate and environmental stress testing. Prospects for further research are aimed at assessing the impact of green financial instruments on the bank’s performance, the role of responsible banking in achieving sustainable development goals, at finding the most effective monetary and macroprudential tools to stimulate responsible banking and ensure financial stability.
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