Проаналізовано пенітенціарні ідеї, погляди на мету покарання у виді позбавлення волі та діяльність по реформуванню карних закладів польського вченого та політичного діяча Фрідеріка Флоріана Скарбка, визначено концептуальні, управлінські та організаційні аспекти реалізації тюремних перетворень у Королівстві Польському Конгресовому, окреслено участь філантропа у формуванні міжнародного пенітенціарного дискурсу реформ.
У статі з’ясовано походження усталеної у тюрмознавчій літературі тези про запровадження Нікейським собором 325 р. інституту procuratores pauperum – осіб, які мали опікуватися бідними та ув’язненими, відвідувати їх, забезпечувати їжею, одягом і виступати поручителями. Встановлено, що уперше її висловив авторитетний прусський тюрмознавець Н. Г. Юліус у роботі 1828 р., ґрунтуючись на одному з приписів «арабських канонів», віднесених у збірках XVI–XVII ст. до настанов Нікейського собору. Приналежність цих канонів до I Вселенського собору була заперечена у кінці XIX ст. Однак це не завадило дослідникам історії в’язничних систем починаючи з кінця XIX ст. і до нині повторювати її у своїх роботах, часто без зазначення джерела.
The article analyzes the transformation of carceral practices in Pennsylvania (1682–1790) in the context of changes in criminal laws: from the formal consolidation in the Code of Laws of 1682 of reformatories with hard labor to the organization in Philadelphia in 1790 of the first penitentiary house with a regime of solitary confinement. It is defined that before the states gained independence, correctional houses, if they functioned in some cities, then as institutions of forced labor and the purpose of correction was not before them. The Revolutionary War for Independence had a decisive impact on the reform of the penal system, which resulted in the adoption of the state constitution, which contained a prescription to revise the penal system. The Criminal Law of 1786 established the main punishment for serious crimes as imprisonment combined with hard labour, but the regime of imprisonment did not change in any way, and public hard labour was recognized as ineffective. It is established that the main actors in the further search for a model of serving a sentence of imprisonment in Pennsylvania were members of the Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons. The main steps of the reformers in 1788-1790 were aimed at introducing legislative changes in the field of execution of punishments with an emphasis on solitary confinement based on the practical experience of reformatories in England and prison theory. As a result of the Society's initiatives, in 1790, An Act to reform the penal laws of the state was adopted, in which the main elements of the sentencing regime were hard labor and unremitted solitude in order to correct criminals and prevent new crimes. For this purpose, it was prescribed to build a separate building with single cells in the yard of Walnut Street Prison for the detention of dangerous criminals. The law established a mechanism for control and supervision of the prison, as well as regulated the regime principles of serving the sentence, which were largely borrowed from the experience of English workhouses.
The article analyzes the English prison projects: the Hard Labour Bill 1778 and the Penitentiary Act 1779. The author identified the reasons for their creation, sources, key points and their impact on the formation of penitentiary systems. The American Revolutionary War made it impossible relocation of convicted criminals to the colony. His Majesty's Government had to rush to find a replacement for transportation. In the mid-70s of 18 century there were attempts to develop the foundations of new types of punishment that would replace transportation. Such an alternative would hard labor in special Houses of Hard Labor and Penitentiary Houses. The application of punishment by hard labour to criminals sentenced to transportation is developed in the Hulks Act 1776, the Hard Labour Bill 1778 and the Penitentiary Act 1779. The Hard Labour Bill and the Penitentiary Act were not about reforming prisons, but about developing a system of execution and serving a new type of punishment – imprisonment combined with hard labor. The Hard Labor Bill for the first time enshrined the norms that, in 30-40 years, became the basis of the Pennsylvania system, the Auburn system, the progressive system: solitary confinement, the division of convicts into classes, the correction of the offender with the active participation of chaplain, the system disciplinary offence and sanction, initiation of post-penitentiary care, requirements for prison staff, control and supervision of prison activity by the public and judges. The Hard Labor Bill has not been approved by Parliament. It has been slightly redesigned. The idea of a system of Houses of Hard Labor across the country had to be abandoned. Instead, William Blackstone proposed experimental Penitentiary Houses. It was approved in the Penitentiary Act 1779. An analysis of the main provisions of the Penitentiary Act shows that at least part of the regulation of the Penitentiary Houses and their conditions of detention were based on the Hard Labor Bill. Although the ambitious idea of creating a network of prisons throughout the country has been abandoned, Penitentiary Act 1779 has retained the general philosophy of imprisonment in combination with hard labor. Despite the lack of practical implementation, the 1779 Penitentiary Act was essential to further improve the operation of existing detention facilities and build new prisons throughout the country, but as a local initiative rather than a centralized reform.
У статті розглянуто процес становлення пенітенціарних установ, починаючи від формування в XVII ст. виправно-покаяльних карних закладів для священнослужителів і благодійних інституцій для утримання неповносправних делінквентів, що іменувалися пенітенціарними будинками, до нормативного закріплення 1779 р. «пенітенціарного експерименту» у Великій Британії та його реалізації, спершу у графствах, зокрема 1791 р. у Глостері, а на початку XIX ст. на загальнодержавному рівні. Визначено, коли й за яких умов терміни «пенітенціарний будинок» та «пенітенціарна система» утвердилися в англосаксонській пенальній термінології. Проаналізовано основні аспекти фундації та діяльності пенітенціарного будинку в Глостері та першого загальнонаціонального пенітенціарію Міллбенк, нормативні приписи та режимні засади функціонування.
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