Respiratory changes caused by obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome increase the risk of ocular vascular diseases. Hypoxia, hypercapnia, endothelial dysfunction associated with OSA syndrome, promote local impairment of fibrinolysis, cause hypercoagulation and vasospasm, creating conditions for retinal vein occlusions as well as for those of posterior ciliary arteries. 91,5 % patients with retinal vein occlusions and 75 % patients with nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy have moderate-to-severe OSA. OSA timely diagnosis and treatment prevent acute vascular pathology of the retina and optic nerve.

This observational study, conducted 2009-2012 with 190 male out-patient clients diagnosed with alcohol dependence and receiving psychotherapeutic treatment in Ryazan, Russia, investigated whether the patterns of self-destructive behaviours exhibited by the subjects were linked to their Personality Types and which combinations of injunctions were reflected in their main personality traits.Self-destructive behaviour was measured according to the 7 Alcoholic Self-Destructiveness Dimensions (ASD) (Shustov 2005); data on alcohol abuse and preferred ASD were gathered through semi-structured interview; personality patterns and psychosocial functioning were assessed by means of clinical observation, semi-structured interview, the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire: Version 4+ (Hyler, 1994) (Russian version) and ICD-10 criteria except for Narcissistic Disorder diagnosed according to DSM-IV; 12 injunctions were assessed with The Drego Injunction Scale (Drego, 1994) (Russian version).When correlations were analysed, it was found that injunctions had a significant impact on the hamartic alcoholic script of the out-patient alcohol-dependent clients on the following continuum: Don’t Be, Don’t Think, Don’t Be a Child, Don’t Trust, Don’t Feel, Don’t Grow Up; client personality types had direct relationship with specific injunction patterns. Personality Types mediated the Alcoholic Self-Destructiveness Dimensions: the Classical Suicidal Dimension being associated with Borderline personality traits; Antisocial with the Antisocial personality; and Professional with the Narcissistic Personality.

The article presents the findings of а study investigating a relationship between personality types developing under the influence of negative parental messages (injunctions) and different types of self-destructive behaviors in alcohol-dependent patients. The study was carried out in 2009—2012 in Ryazan in a sample of 190 outpatient male clients who received psychotherapy for alcohol-dependence. The authors assumed that the choice of self-destructive behaviors was linked to the alcohol-dependent patients’ personality organization and depended on а combination of different injunctions with the main self-destructive injunction — “Don’t be”. The authors describe parental injunctions, which contributed to the devel- opment of “the alcoholic personality”. The main contributing injunctions were “Don’t be” which formed the basis for self-destructiveness, and “Don’t think”, which reinforced alcohol abuse as a maladaptive coping strategy. The other injunctions, when combined with “Don’t be”, were mediating personality type de- velopment and the related groups of self-destructiveness. The authors identified statistically significant correlations between the most frequent personality types and specific groups of self-destructive behavior in alcohol-dependent patients: thus, borderline personality organization was linked to suicidal behavior, dissocial personality organization — to antisocial behaviors, and narcissistic — to self- destructiveness in the professional sphere.

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