The article makes an attempt to research the statistical dependencies characterizing the potato production efficiency in the subjects of the Russian Federation. Solutions to food security problems are revealed through the achievement of threshold values for the production and self-sufficiency of individual products. So, for the production of potatoes, the threshold value of food security is set at 95%. Achieving threshold values is extremely important for achieving food security, but it is equally important to assess the role of Russian regions in the production of potatoes, as well as to assess the efficiency of production in agricultural organizations, private household plots, and farms. The conducted economic and statistical analysis shows that the average yield for agricultural organizations is higher than for personal subsidiary farms by 1.5 times. Comparison with farms is also not in favor of the latter. Agricultural organizations have the opportunity to observe the technology of potato cultivation, buy new varieties, high-yielding and resistant to pests, apply fertilizers. Small farms are unable to meet the requirements of technology due to their scale, which affects the degeneration of the genetic line and the fall in yield.
Successful selection of potatoes in order to increase the nutritional value of potato tubers is limited by the duration of the selection of effective seed parents for hybridization and the need to use express methods for mass assessment of genotypes, according to the biochemical composition of tubers, especially in terms of content and ratio of starch components. The observed transgressive segregation by starchiness of potato tubers with accumulating crosses of highly starchy seed parents significantly increases the level of this trait of offspring, which weakly correlates with productivity. The high correlation between the protein content in tubers of seed parents and the average proteinity of the offspring confirms the presence of control of this trait by additively acting polygenes. This means that in the process of natural meiotic recombinogenesis in hybrid populations, the increase in the protein content of potato tubers of hybrids in the extreme variational classes is possible.
Цель работы: изучение эффективности использования доноров и родительских линий при реализации важнейших направлений селекции на основе оптимальных вариантов гибридизации и отбора селекционно ценных генотипов для улучшения питательной ценности клубней новых перспективных сортов картофеля. Материал исследований: сортообразцы из коллекции ВИР и ВНИИКХ, созданные на основе межвидовой гибридизации и последующих возвратных скрещиваний с сортами S. tuberosum. Исследования проводили в 20082018 годах на экспериментальных базах ВНИИКХ Коренево и Пышлицы Московской области. В результате изучения гибридов выявлено трансгрессивное расщепление по крахмалистости клубней при накапливающих скрещиваниях родителей с крахмалистостью 1819, существенно повышающее уровень этого признака в потомстве, слабо коррелирующего с урожайностью. Поэтому идентификация генотипов, сочетающих оба признака, отмечена только на уровне средней популяционной, совпадающей со средней крахмалистостью родителей, а результативность отбора низкокрахмалистых форм значительно выше, поскольку снижение уровня проявления признака не имеет отрицательной корреляции с урожайностью. Среди гибридов с высокой крахмалистостью (1921) клубней отмечены генотипы, содержащие от 50,6 до 61,5 крупных крахмальных гранул (60 мкм), что обусловливает вероятность отбора форм с высоким качеством крахмала. Установлена высокая корреляционная связь (0,897) содержания белка в клубнях родительских форм со средней белковостью потомства, что подтверждает наличие контроля этого признака аддитивно действующими полигенами. При этом в процессе естественного мейотического рекомбиногенеза в гибридных популяциях наблюдается увеличение белковости клубней гибридов в крайних классах вариационного ряда до 3,53,9, что превышает содержания белка контрольных образцов на 1,51,9. При измерении антиоксидантной активности (АОА) сортообразцов коллекционного питомника установлен ее высокий уровень (10321280 мг/кг) у гибридов с пигментированной окраской кожуры и мякоти клубней, отличающихся высоким содержанием каротиноидов и антоцианов, определяющих ее уровень. Среди гибридного потомства от скрещивания красно-фиолетовых и красноклубневых родительских форм отмечено на 9,712,0 больше фенотипов с красно-фиолетовой окраской в сравнении с вариантами скрещивания одинаковых по окраске сортообразцов. Использование выделенных сортообразцов в качестве доноров комплекса хозяйственно полезных признаков позволяет ускорить селекционный процесс и сократить затраты на создание новых сортов картофеля с улучшенной питательной ценностью клубней.The purpose of the work: to study the effectiveness of using donors and parent lines in the implementation of the most important areas of selection based on optimal hybridization options and selection of breeding valuable gene types to improve the nutritional value of tubers of new promising potato varieties. The research material: varietal samples from the collection of VIR and Lorch Potato Research Institute, created on the basis of interspecific hybridization and subsequent return crosses with varieties of S. tuberosum. The research was carried out in 20082018 at the experimental bases of Lorch Potato Research Institute Korenevo and Pyshlitsy Moscow region. As a result of studying hybrids transgressive cleavage of tubers by starchiness was found in accumulating crosses of parents with a starchiness of 18-19, which significantly increases the level of this trait in the offspring, which is rarely correlated with yield. Therefore, identification of genotypes, combined the two features observed only at the level of the average population, coinciding with the average starch content parents, and the effectiveness of the selection low-starchy forms is much higher, since the decrease in the level of a trait has negative correlation with productivity. Hybrids with high starchiness (1921) of tubers, genotypes containing from 50.6 to 61.5 of large starch granules ( 60 mkm) are measured, which makes it possible to select forms with a high starch content. A high correlation (0.897) of the protein content in tubers of the parent forms with the average protein content of the offspring was established, which confirms the presence of control of this feature by additive acting polygens. At the same time, during natural meiotic recombination in hybrid populations, the protein content of hybrid tubers in the extreme classes of the variation series increases to 3.53.9, which exceeds the protein content of control samples by 1.51.9. When measuring the antioxidant activity (AOA) of collectible nursery cultivars, its high level (10321280 mg/kg) was established in hybrids with pigmented skin and pulp of tubers, characterized by a high content of carotenoids and anthocyanins that determine its level. Among the hybrid offspring from the crossing of red-purple and red-tuberous parent forms, the largest number of phenotypes with red-purple color was noted, exceeding by 9.712 other variants. The use of selected variety samples as donors of a complex of economically useful features allows speeding up the selection process and reducing the cost of creating new potato varieties with improved nutritional value of the tubers.
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