Given the prevalence of myopic refraction (from 50 to 84% in Asian countries and 35 to 49% in European countries and the United States in young people), the development of methods for monitoring and preventing myopia continues to be an urgent task. One of the directions of pharmacological intervention on the progression of myopia is associated with the use of a non-selective M-cholinoreceptors antagonist - atropine. The review presents the results of studies on various aspects of the potential for topical application of atropine to control the progression of myopia (experimental and clinical data on the mechanism of action, the effectiveness of clinical use, the possible side effects of various concentrations of the drug).The heterogeneity of the data presented does not yet lead to the conclusion that the long-term instillations of atropine are effective in prevention of progressive myopia. In addition, the wide application of this method, for example, in the territory of the Russian Federation, is limited by approved official instruction for the local application of the atropine solution in ophthalmology.

Purpose The aim is to present a new approach of cornea reshaping using termomechanical effect of pulse repetitive laser radiation both on sclera and cornea. Methods Experiments were performed in vitro with eyes of pigs, rabbits, cadavers, and in‐vivo with rabbit eyes using an Erbuim glass fiber laser of 1.56 microns in wavelength. Thermomechaniucal properties of sclera and cornea during laser heating were studied with an indenter test and using thermo mechanical analyzer. The alterations in eye refraction was measured with various optical techniques including coherent tomography, confocal microscopy and shlieren visualization. Histological technique was used to study possible alterations in tissues structure. Results The results have shown different thermomechanical properties of cornea and sclera allowing to change eye refraction under nondestructive laser irradiation. Denaturation thresholds for stromal collagen of the cornea were measured for various laser wavelengths. Optimal laser settings were established allowing obtain vision correction without visible damage and denaturation of the eye tissues. The maximal change of eye refraction obtained was of 6 diopters. The stability of rabbit eye refraction was established during at least 6 months. Hystological analysis did not revile substantial alterations in cornea structure. Conclusion The advantages of the new approach are provided by the following factors (1) noninvasive and potentially reversible nature of exposure on the cornea and sclera, (2) minimal exposure on the central zone of the cornea, (3) availability of a feed back control system that prevents denaturation and damage of the cornea, (4) possibility of a repeated procedure.

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Nowadays, tissue engineering is one of the most promising approaches for the regeneration of various tissues and organs, including the cornea. However, the inability of biomaterial scaffolds to successfully integrate into the environment of surrounding tissues is one of the main challenges that sufficiently limits the restoration of damaged corneal tissues. Thus, the modulation of molecular and cellular mechanisms is important and necessary for successful graft integration and long-term survival. The dynamics of molecular interactions affecting the site of injury will determine the corneal transplantation efficacy and the post-surgery clinical outcome. The interactions between biomaterial surfaces, cells and their microenvironment can regulate cell behavior and alter their physiology and signaling pathways. Nanotechnology is an advantageous tool for the current understanding, coordination, and directed regulation of molecular cell–transplant interactions on behalf of the healing of corneal wounds. Therefore, the use of various nanotechnological strategies will provide new solutions to the problem of corneal allograft rejection, by modulating and regulating host–graft interaction dynamics towards proper integration and long-term functionality of the transplant.