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Владивостокский филиал Федерального государственного бюджетного научного учреждения «Дальневосточный научный центр физиологии и патологии дыхания» -Научно-исследовательский институт медицинской климатологии и восстановительного лечения, 690105, г. Владивосток, ул. Русская, 73-г РЕЗЮМЕ В статье проведен анализ причин высокой распространенности в мире хронических респираторных заболеваний -бронхиальной астмы и хронической обструктивной болезни легких. Представлены существующие трудности в сопоставимости результатов эпидемиологических данных, полученных в разных странах мира. Детализирована роль экологического, климато-географического и социально-экономического состояния территории проживания больных хроническими респираторными заболеваниями. Оценена динамика и причины роста показателей заболеваемости, инвалидизации и смертности от данных заболеваний на различных территориях проживания. Обсуждены перспективы снижения данных показателей для общества. Показана необходимость разработки программ, направленных на снижение негативного влияния факторов окружающей среды на человека и улучшение качества жизни.Ключевые слова: хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких, бронхиальная астма, заболеваемость, распространенность хронических бронхолегочных заболеваний.The aim of this paper is to analyze the reasons for the high prevalence of chronic bronchopulmonary diseases (asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) in the world. The article observes the difficulties that appear in the process of comparing of the results of epidemiological data obtained in different countries. The role of environmental, climatic-geographic and socio-economical aspects of the region of residence of patients with chronic respiratory diseases is studied. The dynamics and reasons for increasing of morbidity, disability and mortality from these diseases in different areas of residence are assessed. The prospects of reducing these indicators for the society are considered. The necessity of developing programs for reducing the negative impact of the environmental factors on the human health and improved quality of life is shown.

Atmospheric air quality is a crucial factor in the health of human populations. Suspended particulate matter (SPM) is one of the most dangerous components polluting urban air. The aim of the present article is to study the effect of model suspensions (MS) of SPM that are characteristic of the composition of atmospheric air at locations with various anthropogenic loads on redox processes in alveolar macrophages (AM). Atmospheric air sampling was carried out in the breathing zone according to the method developed by one of the authors. AM were isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of experimental animals. The MS of SPM were prepared in accordance with the actual air pollution: MS No. 1 corresponded to an area with a low man-made load, and MS No. 2 corresponded to an area with a high man-made load. Load tests with model suspensions were carried out for 2 days. Parameters of oxidant processes and antioxidant system (AOS) were determined in cells and culture media. The proportion of the influence of the qualitative and dispersed composition of MS and the indicator of intra-system tension were calculated based on correlation dependencies. The atmospheric air with a high man-made load was dominated by particles up to 10 µm, whereas air with an insignificant man-made load contained SPM of more than 10 µm in size. Unidirectional changes were observed due to an exposure to both model suspensions, but the most pronounced oxidative modifications of lipids, proteins and genetic structures were caused by the exposure to MS No. 2. When exposed to MS No. 1, the AOS maintained the redox balance at the physiological level, localizing the resulting destruction inside the cells. MS No. 2 caused the redox balance to shift towards oxidants, potentiating the generalization of the destruction process. An increase in the content or a longer stress-inducing effect of PM2.5 causes a depletion in the reserve capacity of the AOS and the transition of destruction processes to the systemic level, which contributes to the development of the preconditions for environmentally dependent pathology.

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The aim of the research is to examine the relationship between the integral parameters of respiratory function, the values of LPO-AOD system and NO level at bronchopulmonary pathology in individuals living in different ecological areas of the city of Vladivostok. 206 patients living in different ecological conditions (healthy individuals, patients with respiratory disorders) were examined. Lung function and the state of LPO-AOD system were studied; the concentration of NO metabolites was assessed in blood serum. The nature and strength of the impact of environmental factors on respiratory function, the state of LPO-AOD, NO level were studied by the method based on correlation analysis. There was calculated power index (D) which was differentiated into power within the system (Ds) which in its turn reflects the in-system interrelationship tension (LPO-AOD, respiratory) and power between systems (Dm) characterizing the activity of interconnections and response to an external stimulus. Intra-system dependences typical for the unfavorable zone were viewed in relation to the favorable zone. It was found out that in ecologically unfavorable regions in individuals with different bronchopulmonary pathologies the value of Ds increases. This indicates that the pathogenic influence of environmental factors increases. In healthy people living in ecologically unfavourable area physiological adaptive-compensatory reaction of the body was revealed, which was proved by high power interconnections (Dm). In the patients with chronic bronchitis there was maintained an adequate level of functioning of the body systems studied. In patients with COPD living in an unfavourable zone there were found strong links between the indicators of the system of LPO-AOD and of NO, and in patients with bronchial asthma - supplementary relationship between lung function and NO. At the same time pathologic changes in the system of LPO-AOD and NO depend on the general pollution, metal and gas components contained in the air. Thus, the people with respiratory diseases being in environmentally unfavorable conditions have the most negative influence. The analysis of the activity of relationships proved that violations of interaction of LPO-AOD systems and NO in ecologically unfavorable regions may contribute to the occurrence and progression of bronchopulmonary diseases.