Changes in enzyme activities reflecting functioning of the basic metabolic pathways in cells (Krebs cycle, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway) were evaluated in blood lymphocytes of girls of different somatotypes with different body composition under conditions of food load. A common regularity was found: a decrease in succinate dehydrogenase activity after meal in girls of all somatotypes. Specific features of individual somatotypes were also revealed. Only girls of athletic somatotype showed increased lactate dehydrogenase level after food load. Activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase increased (more than twice) after food load only in girls of euryplastic somatotype. This somatotype is characterized by maximum values of fat and other components of the body. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is the first enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway; activation of this pathway accompanies enhancement of synthetic processes, including lipid synthesis. This can contribute to accumulation of the fat component (and other components) due to redistribution of substrate flows between metabolic pathways.

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Metals have a wide range of effects on biological processes, playing an important role in maintaining the functioning of the human body. However, many metals, including essential elements, can have a toxic effect on the body, leading to pathological processes. The biological role of an element depends on a number of physicochemical facts, such as the oxidation degree and the formation of metal-ligand organic and inorganic complexes. For example, most of the iron binds to transferrin and ferritin ensuring the safe transportation of the fenton-active trivalent metal ions in the bloodstream. Free Fe3+ ions lead to the formation of reactive oxygen species and further damage of cell structures. Thus, the chemical form of the element determines the toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of metals. Knowledge in total exposure of elements in biological fluids is not enough to understand the complex mechanism of biological and abnormal reactions. It is necessary to study the interaction of metal elements with various ligands such as high- and low-molecular compounds (proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, citrates, amino acids). In this regard, the application of modern analytical methods is becoming increasingly important to obtain qualitative and quantitative data on elements, ionic forms, speciation and functions in biological systems. The combination of these methods is called speciation analysis, which is a well-established way to study the biological role and metabolism of trace elements. This article reviews the main metal-ligand forms of iron (transferrin, albumin, ferritin and citrate) and zinc (albumin, 2-macroglobulin, IgG, transcuprein, metallothioneins, ZIP and ZnT transporters). This information can be useful both in fundamental and applied researches in the biology and medicine.

The purpose of this study was to identify and evaluate cows with the “loaded metabolism” phenomenon. This study was performed on cows of black-and-white breed with a live weight of 620.3 ± 15.3 kg, aged 4–6 years. For the study, depending on the concentration of manganese in the fur, animals were divided into three groups: I – up to the 25th percentile, II – within the 25–75th centile interval, III – above the 75th percentile, calculated separately for each micropopulation. Cows showed an increase in chemical elements in the wool, depending on the percentile range of manganese concentration in the wool. Thus, with a high content of manganese, an increased content of macronutrients – calcium, sodium, and magnesium – was also observed. The results of an elemental analysis of the wool of black-and-white cows showed that the group of animals with a “loaded metabolism” also contains a higher content of almost all the elements studied.