The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) determines the immune response, and the MHC genes are promising candidate genes for identifying associations with diseases. The decisive role in the resistance of cattle to diseases belongs to the major histocompatibility complex of (BoLA). The BoLA system consists of several jointly operating genes that provide antigen presentation by MHC system molecules followed by an immune response to pathogenic microorganisms. The most functional is the BoLA-DRB3 gene. Its exon 2 is highly polymorphic and encodes the peptide antigen-binding cleft. Alleles, for which a close connection with disease susceptibility or disease resistance has been detected, are considered as DNA markers. These play a decisive role in the breeding of cattle to create herds resistant to diseases, including mastitis. This paper presents the results of a study of BoLA-DRB3 gene polymorphism in two commercial cattle breeds: the Ukrainian black-pied dairy (UBPD) and the Ukrainian red-pied dairy (URPD) and its association with mastitis. The UBPD and the URPD cows were genotyped at the bovine lymphocyte antigen DRB3.2 locus by a genotyping system that used polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (PCR-RLFP). In 276 UBPD cows, 32 BoLA-DRB alleles have been found. Six alleles (*03, *08, *10, *22, *24 and *28) were identified with a frequency of more than 5% (total amount of 50.4%). The allele BoLA-DRB3.2*24 was the most frequent (19.2%). In the UBPD population (n = 162), four BoLA-DRB3.2 alleles are truly associated with mastitis: *24 and *26 with susceptibility and *13 and *22 with resistance. In 117 URPD cows, 22 alleles were identified, of which the most frequent were *07, *22, *11, *24, *01, *03 and *16 (total frequency 64.5%). Allele BoLA-DRB3.2*07 (present in 25.6% of cows) was the most commonly found. In the URPD population studied, four alleles truly associated with mastitis were identified. Animals susceptible to the disease had alleles *07 and *08, and resistant animals had alleles *22 and *24. Breeding activities for the creation of cattle resistant to mastitis using alleles of the BoLA-DRB3 gene are much more effective than treatment and special care for animals. Similar research should be carried out for other Ukrainian breeds in relation to various diseases (leukemia, necrobacteriosis, etc.).

The second exon of the BoLA-DRB3 gene has the highest level of polymorphism among all studied loci of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in cattle, which allows it to be used for studying population-genetic structure and assessing the level of biodiversity of populations or comparing the biodiversity of particular herds. According to the results of typing the blood samples of 293 cows using the method of PCR-RLFP, we determined allele frequencies of the BoLA-DRB3 gene for the Ukrainian black-pied dairy breed. The study was conducted on three herds in Khmelnytskyi Oblast: LLC “Kozatska Dolyna 2006” (herd A, n = 122), agrofirm “Perlyna Podillya” (herd B, n = 82) and branch “Ridnyy kray” (herd C, n = 89). In total, 37 alleles were found: herd A 31, herd B 25 and herd C 28. In total, in the three subpopulations seven alleles were found with frequency of over 5%, the total share of which equaled 55.8%. The most widely distributed allele was BoLA-DRB3.2*24, which composed 22.2% of the allele pool of the breed. We determined a high level of observed (0.89 to 0.95) and expected (0.93 to 0.94) heterozygosity. In herds A and B, there was determined domination of homozygotes. Deviation from HWE, calculated using the value of Wright`s individual fixation index, equaled FIS(A) = 0.016 (χ2 = 0.03; P > 0.05) and FIS(B) = 0.044 (χ2 = 0.076; P > 0.05). In herd C, we found excess of heterozygotes FIS(C) = -0.017 (χ2 = 0.026; P > 0.05). Rather low values were determined for the subpopulation fixation index: FST(A) = 0.009 (χ2 = 65.9; P < 0.01), FST(B) = 0.012 (χ2 = 47.2; P < 0.05) and FST(C) = 0.003 (χ2 = 14.4; P > 0.05), which were significantly different from the mean value for cattle (FST = 0.078), indicating insignificant reduction of heterozygosity and divergence between the subpopulations by the BoLA-DRB3 gene. To assess genetic diversity, we calculated parameters of effective allele number (Ae) and Shannon’s information index (I). In spite of the different numbers of alleles found in the selections, it was suggested that for assessing their diversity, an efficiency index will be used which shows the share of effective alleles among all alleles found in a subpopulation (Ae/Nа). The calculated values of the parameters equaled: herd A Ae = 14.9, Ae/Nа = 0.48, I = 3.05; herd B Ae = 14.5, Ae/Nа = 0.58, I = 2.87; herd C Ae = 16.4, Ae/Nа = 0.59, I = 3.01. Frequencies of BoLA-DRB3 alleles were used for calculating genetic similarity and standard genetic distances according to Nei. Cows of herds B and C were found to be more genetically affinitive by the BoLA-DRB3 gene. Standard genetic distance between them was the lowest D = 0.13, which coincides with the geographic locations and historical development of these populations. The results of the study prove that the studied herds have a high level of polymorphism. Frequency characteristics, values of expected heterozygosity, effective allele number, efficiency index and Shannon’s information index compared to the similar parameters for Holstein, black-pied and some other local breeds of cattle indicate the high genetic diversity of the studied subpopulations of the Ukrainian black-pied dairy breed.

The article proposes modes of sterilization of meat pate from turkey meat, which was determined by the method in which the actual lethality Ff relative to the microflora should be equal to or exceed the required lethality of the sterilization process Fn (Ff ≥ Fn) canned turkey pate. The results of the study of the dependence of the kinetics of biochemical reactions on the thermal, chemical and mechanical sensitivity of the processed product, on pressure, temperature  and chemical potential are presented. One of the effective ways to intensify the heat transfer process is the contact heating of the product by means of steam supply, which has a technological effect on the processed products. When comparing the results of the simulated results with experimental data, it is established that the solution of the problem of calculating the temperature field of the product on a computer gives quite satisfactory results between the calculated and experimental data. It is established that as a modification for the processed products it is necessary to solve thermohydromechanical equations with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions in addition to the transfer equation for each scalar quantity.

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В роботі розглядаються принципи розробки та організація програмного комплексу для вивчення механізму біометричної аутентифікації за відбитками пальців методом порівняння за особливими точками. Комплекс може бути використаний в навчальному процесі. Метою роботи є розробка комплексу. Вирішувані задачі: аналіз методів та засобів біометрії, зокрема за відбитками пальців, та вибір методу порівняння відбитків на основі порівняльного аналізу; розробка структури та програмного забезпечення комплексу. Представлено порівняльний аналіз методів порівняння відбитків пальців за локальними ознаками. Пропонується організація комплексу, формати даних, описані режими його роботи. Програмне забезпечення комплексу розроблено на мові Python, наведено основні приклади та етапи його роботи.