The presented literature review describes current views on the problem of preventive diagnosis of hypoxic states in premature infants. To date it is one of the most actual directions in neonatology as according to World Health Organization data, the number of premature births in the world grows annually, and children born earlier than 37 weeks of gestation are at the highest risk for perinatal losses and disability. Special role among disturbing factors is given to conditions related to oxygenation violation in different tissues and organs of a premature infant. Thus, the article deals with lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense destabilization and degree of their influence on the course of hypoxia. Special attention is paid to cytokine regulation of metabolic processes in a pregnant woman and an infant’s organism. Their role in the course of hypoxic states is emphasized, characteristic changes of some cytokine concentration in this pathology is described and also current views on the possibility of recombinant cytokines use as correction factors are presented. Literature analysis showed that despite significant success in the field of research of cytokine control of hemostasis of the human organism, the issue of pro- and anti-inflammatory interleukins’ role in oxidative stress in premature infants is still open. The authors consider that joint study of lipid peroxidation and cytokine profile may form extended viewpoint on hypoxia pathogenesis that will allow to prognose its severe and complicated course and to develop relevant correction methods.

Introduction. The study of the set of mechanisms of inflammation regulation plays an important role in shaping understanding of the local and general protective and adaptive processes in paediatric respiratory infections. The cytokine system is taken as universal, pleiotropic regulators of the cascade of inflammatory, immune and metabolic processes. Nowadays, the drugs with the potential for effecting the course of cytokine reactions are of great interest.Aim. To evaluate the efficacy of the impact of low molecular weight interferon inducers with a wide range of biological activity on the severity of clinical symptoms and the level of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines of peripheral blood in paediatric respiratory infections.Materials and methods. 98 children with ARVI aged 4 to 11 years were examined, of which 57 children received meglumine acridone acetate as etiotropic antiviral therapy at recommended age-related doses and were included in the treatment group. 41 children receiving only symptomatic treatment were included in the comparison group.Results and discussions. Clinically, the use of meglumine acridone acetate resulted in decreased duration of the major symptoms of acute viral respiratory infections among children, reduced risk of complications, and decreased inflammatory manifestations. It was shown that the minimum levels of interleukin-1, -4 and -8 were typical for healthy children, which confirmed the activation of cytokine reactions only in the process of development of pathological symptoms from various organs and systems. An increase in all the studied cytokine levels was observed in ARVI, while the dominance in growth of pro-inflammatory cytokines with underlying slightly increased level of anti-inflammatory interleukin-4 was observed in severe general toxic syndrome and catarrhal signs. In similar cases, a balanced decrease in the levels of anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines and a relatively rapid regression of clinical symptoms was noted during the meglumine acridone acetate therapy.Conclusions. The use of meglumine acridone acetate contributes to the rapid relief of the major clinical symptoms of acute respiratory viral infections, and shortens the duration of the disease. The nature of cytokine reactions can serve as a marker of an unfavourable course of ARVI. The prescription of low-molecular interferon inducers balances an increase in the levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines of peripheral blood.

Objective: to determine the role of the indicators of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protection in the pathogenesis of perinatal hypoxia in premature newborns.Methods. The authors studied two groups of premature newborns: 24 infants born at 34-36 weeks of gestation (late premature children), and 7 children with gestation age of 32-34 weeks (moderately premature children). The authors assessed the levels of ceruloplasmin, total antioxidant activity and malonic dialdehyde in the blood serum.Results. Comparison of the studied indicators revealed higher levels of antioxidant protection and malonic dialdehyde in late premature newborns, which can be associated with greater activity of metabolic processes and resistance to oxidative stress in this group.The authors studied such factors as the sex of the child and the degree of asphyxia at birth and their impact on the values of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activity. They found that the male infants had a significant increase in the level of ceruloplasmin and antioxidant activity in comparison with the female infants. The children with moderate asphyxia at birth had the highest values of malonic dialdehyde and anti-oxidative protection.Conclusion. The processes of lipoperoxidation and antioxidant protection are optimally balanced in late premature infants, thus, we believe that they better adapted in conditions of hypoxia.

Н есмотря на появление новых возможностей в области диагностики и лечения злокачественных новообразований, сохраняется тенденция к росту онкологической заболеваемости. Так, за период с 2007 по 2017 г. число случаев онкологических заболеваний у взрослых выросло более чем на 30%. Аналогичная тенденция прослеживается и в детском возрасте. По прогнозам Всемирной организации здравоохранения, к 2030 г. общая заболеваемость раком увеличится еще на 20% [1]. По данным многочисленных многоцентровых клинических исследований, детские злокачественные новообразования составляют почти 17 на 100 тыс. детского населения [2-4]. Анализ заболеваемости в Республике Татарстан (РТ) с 2008 по 2018 г. показал, что в последние годы имеется тенденция к росту общего числа детей со злокачественными новообразованиями: заболеваемость составляла 12,9 и 15,8 на 100 тыс. населения в 2008 и 2018 гг. соответственно.

Background. Mixed connective tissue disease (Sharp syndrome) is the rare chronic autoimmune pathology combining various features of systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis and high antibody titer to nuclear ribonucleoprotein. The mixed connective tissue disease may evolve into other systemic diseases over time. Description of any cases of mixed connective tissue disease and its evolution in Russian patients has not been published previously.Clinical Case Description. The results of observations of the child with clinical and immunological signs of the mixed connective tissue disease followed by the progression of systemic scleroderma symptoms and development of Sjogren's syndrome in the short period of time are presented in the article. Improvement (such as pain attenuation, increase in volume of movements in affected joints, decrease of Raynaud syndrome manifestations duration) was observed on treatment (methotrexate 10 mg/week with subsequent addition of prednisolone 0.75 mg/kg/day).Conclusion. Timely diagnostics of clinical signs of the systemic diseases debut is crucial for correct patient routing and for achieving of disease improvement.