Precision (target) medicine is proposed as a new strategy to identify and develop new highly selective drugs against specific targets for the disease and more precise tailoring of medicines to the target populations of patients. Precision medicine can be an important approach to create more novel and safer therapeutics (tyrosine kinase inhibitors, tumour specific monoclonal antibodies) for patients with gene mutation, aberrations, or protein over-expression. Precision medicine requires an understanding mutational processes, and heterogeneity between cancer cells during tumor evolution. The present review briefly define various heterogeneities and potential associations with drug efficacy and resistance, emphasize the importance to develop functional biomarkers to monitor drug efficacy and resistance, and define opportunities and challenges of precision medicine for clinical practice.

The mechanical properties of tendons are thought to be affected by different loading levels. Changes in the mechanical properties of tendons, such as stiffness, have been reported to influence the risk of tendon injuries chiefly in athletes and the elderly, thereby affecting motor function execution. Unloading resulted in reduced tendons stiffness, and resistance exercise exercise counteracts this. Transforming growth factor-1 is a potent inducer of type I collagen and mechanosensitive genes encoding tenogenic differentiation markers expression which play critical roles in tendon tissue formation, tendon healing and their adaptation during exercise. In recent years, our understanding of the molecular biology of tendons growth and repair has expanded. It is probable that the next advance in the treatment of tendon injuries will result from the application of this basic science knowledge and the clinical solution will encompass not only the the best postoperative rehabilitation protocols, but also the optimal biological modulation of the healing process.