Depression is a common mental disorder being one of the main causes of disability and mortality worldwide. Despite an intensive research during the past decades, the etiology of depressive disorders (DDs) remains incompletely understood; however, genetic factors are significantly involved in the liability to depression. The present review is focused on the studies based on a candidate gene approach, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and whole exome sequencing (WES), which previously demonstrated associations between gene polymorphisms and DDs. According to the first approach, DD development is affected by serotonergic (TPH1, TPH2, HTR1A, HTR2A, and SLC6A4), dopaminergic (DRD4, SLC6A3) and noradrenergic (SLC6A2) system genes, and genes of enzymatic degradation (MAOA, COMT). In addition, there is evidence of the involvement of HPA-axis genes (OXTR, AVPR1A, and AVPR1B), sex hormone receptors genes (ESR1, ESR2, and AR), neurotrophin (BDNF) and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) genes, neuronal apoptosis (CASP3, BCL-XL, BAX, NPY, APP, and GRIN1) and inflammatory system (TNF, CRP, IL6, IL1B, PSMB4, PSMD9, and STAT3) genes in DD development. The results of the second approach (GWAS and WES) revealed that the PCLO, SIRT1, GNL3, GLT8D1, ITIH3, MTNR1A, BMP5, FHIT, KSR2, PCDH9, and AUTS2 genes predominantly responsible for neurogenesis and cell adhesion are involved in liability to depression. Therefore, the findings discussed suggest that genetic liability to DD is a complex process, which assumes simultaneous functioning of multiple genes including those reported previously, and requires future research in this field.
Наличие трудностей при выполнении математических операций, связанных с высокой стрессовой неустойчивостью (так называемая математическая тревожность, МТ), представляет важную проблему для достижения индивидуальной успешности. В данной работе был проведен анализ взаимодействия 23 полиморфных вариантов генов, отвечающих за регуляцию нейромедиаторных систем, рабочей памяти и синаптической пластичности, в детерминацию межиндивидуальных различий в уровне МТ. В результате анализа были получены две оптимальные статистические модели межгенных взаимодействий, ассоциированные с уровнем МТ (СREB1 (rs35349697) x DTNBP1 (rs2619522) и DRD2 (rs6277) x ВDNF (rs6265)). The difficulties frequently caused by the presence of high stress sensitivity during performing mathematical operations (mathematical anxiety, MA) in a modern high-tech society represent the important problem for both individual success and economic well-being of a society. We analyzed the interaction of 23 polymorphic variants of genes responsible for the regulation of neurotransmitter systems, working memory and synaptic plasticity, in determining inter-individual differences in the level of mathematical anxiety. As a result, we obtained two optimal statistical models of intergenic interactions associated with the level of mathematical anxiety (СREB1 (rs35349697) x DTNBP1 (rs2619522) and DRD2 (rs6277) x ВDNF (rs6265)).
Целью настоящего исследования являлась оценка основных эффектов полиморфных локусов генов IL1B (rs16944), TNF (rs1041981), CRP (rs3093077) и PCLO (rs2715157), а также ген-средовых взаимодействий в фенотипических вариациях уровня депрессивности у 999 психически здоровых индивидов с учётом половой и этнической принадлежности. Статистический анализ выявил ассоциации аллеля rs1041981*A гена TNF с пониженным уровнем депрессивности в группе индивидов русской этнической принадлежности (р=0,04) и аллеля rs2715157*A гена PCLO с повышенными показателями в этнической группе татар (рFDR=0,03). В результате стратификационного анализа был выявлен значимый модулирующий эффект таких средовых факторов, как место жительства и сезон рождения, в случае ассоциации полиморфных локусов rs16944, rs1041981 и rs2715157 с уровнем депрессивности. The present study aimed to assess the main effects of IL1B (rs16944), TNF (rs1041981), CRP (rs3093077) and PCLO (rs2715157) gene polymorphisms together with G×E effects on individual differences in depression level in 999 mentally healthy individuals with sex and ethnicity as covariates. Statistical analysis revealed an association of TNF rs1041981 A-allele with a decreased depression level in Russians (p=0.04), while PCLO rs2715157 A-allele was associated with an increased depression level in Tatars (pFDR=0.03). As a result of stratification analysis we observed that place of residence and birth season significantly affected association of rs16944, rs1041981 and rs2715157 and depression level.
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