Purpose:The purpose of this study was to identify the relationships among emotional labor, empowerment, job burnout, and turnover intention. Methods: The design of this study was a cross-sectional descriptive study. The subjects of this study were 358 nurses working for over 6 months in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do. The data were collected from 4th to 30th of September, 2009 through one-to-one interviews. Survey data were analyzed using t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and hierarchical regression. Results: We find the positive correlation of turnover intention with emotional labor and with job burnout, but the negative correlation of empowerment with job burnout and with turnover intention. The nurses' turnover intention scores were relatively low with 1.30. Job burnout, shift work, and frequency of turnover were predictors of turnover intention. The most powerful predictor variable was job burnout (β=.420, p<.001). We find that emotional labor and empowerment as determinants of turnover intention are not significant. Conclusion: These results suggest that manager should consider shift work of nurses and job burnout in order to manage nurse organization and resource effectively. 그러나 간호사는 역할 변화와 확장된 업무 부담으로 인

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This study was done to compare consciousness of biomedical ethics in nursing and general students.Participants were 382 nursing and general students at a college in S city. Mean score of consciousness of biomedical ethics(range:1∼4) in nursing students was 3.04 and general students, 3.12. Thus, mean score of consciousness of biomedical ethics of two group were above the average and general students significantly higher than nursing students. Life-respect consciousness, perceived ethical values in nursing students were shown as significant predictors on consciousness of biomedical ethics and life-respect consciousness, sexual attitude, value regarding child rearing in general students. The most influential predictor of two groups was life-respect consciousness. To establish desirable biomedical ethics of nursing students, it is necessary that subjects related to biomedical ethics should be mandatory, and it is necessary to raise the proportion of credit for the curriculum.

The pu η 〕ose of this paper is to describe changes in the going − out activities of the elderly urban residents ， and 廿） clarify its spatial differences in Kumamoto city ． In this paper ， we analyze the elderly ' s going ・ out activity based on the large − scale survey ， that is " person − trip survey data （ PT − data ） ' As the first step ， we describe changes in the character of the elderly ' s daily life based on the analysis of total data in each case of PT84 and PT97 ， And as the next step ， to analyze the spatial pattern by which the personal difference supposed to be reflected ， we have extracted five types of the elderly " s going ・ out feature ． As a result of the analysis of this paper ， we fc ）und that the elderly ' s going ・ out activities have changed its features in recent years ， They have expanded thier actiVity in terms of space and t］ me ， and varied their travel mode ． IVs assumed that these changes are in且uenced by the increase in the elderly ' s private car use ， And ， as a results of the analysis of the spatial differences ， we found that the elderly ' s private car use have increased for the most area of the Kumamoto city ， but those have adiffernt interp 夏 etation in the built ・ up area and outside ． In the built ・ up area ， it brought the variety of the elderl ゾs going ・ out activity ， but outside the built ・ up area ， ' increased the gap between private car user and the other people ． KeJ ・ PFords ・ ' the eJderly ， going ・ 0 砿 80 々F 吻 indi ' vr ' duai tyρe ofgoihg ' out featur θ， guantifi 〔 澀 島0 η 賜 Cluster anaJysis ． person − trip survey

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