“…Emiliani (2015aEmiliani ( , 2015c claimed that through small process changes, consistent with Lean principles and practices, faculty members could reduce teaching errors, ensure steady student workload and flow and standardize curricular resources. Lean tools, such as value stream mapping, cause-and-effect diagrams and Pareto charts, have been shown to improve the development of teaching materials (Alagaraja, 2010;Pavlovic´et al, 2014;Tatikonda, 2007). While reporting the advantages of waste reduction, ensuring flow and preventing content errors through the use of Lean methods and tools, Alagaraja (2010) warned that a potential limitation is that the approach could lead to unsustainable increased workloads on faculty.…”