17.9% Metal‐wrap‐through mc‐Si cells resulting in module efficiency of 17.0%

Lamers, M.W.P.E.; Tjengdrawira, C.; Koppes, M.; Bennett, I.J.; Bende, E.E.; Visser, T.P.; Kossen, E.J.; Brockholz, B.; Mewe, A.A.; Romijn, I.G.; Sauar, E.; Carnel, L.; Julsrud, S.; Naas, T.; Jong, P.C. de; Weeber, Arthur

doi:10.1002/pip.1110

Cited by 60 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The small increase in V oc may be due to a slight difference in temperature during the measurement. Such losses for module-encapsulated cells as compared to standalone cells are similar to those reported elsewhere, e.g., in [23] 4-5% efficiency losses were reported. In our case, the glass had no antireflection coating and the metallization and contacting still need to be optimized.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Developing an Advanced Module for Back-Contact Solar Cells

Govaerts

Robbelein

González

et al. 2011

IEEE Trans. Compon., Packag. Manufact. Technol.

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Abstract-This paper proposes a novel concept for integrating ultrathin solar cells into modules. It is conceived as a method for fabricating solar panels starting from back-contact crystalline silicon solar cells. However, compared to the current state of the art in module manufacturing for back-contact solar cells, this novel concept aims at improvements in performance, reliability, and cost through the use of an alternative encapsulant, namely silicones as opposed to ethylene vinyl acetate, an alternative deposition technology, being wet coating as opposed to dry lamination; and alternative module-level metallization techniques, as opposed to cell-level tabbing-stringing or conductive foil interconnects. The process flow is proposed, and the materials and fabrication technologies are discussed. As the durability of the module, translated into the module's lifetime, is very important in the targeted application, namely solar cell modules, modeling and reliability testing results and considerations are presented to illustrate how the experimental development process may be guided by experience and theoretical derivations. Finally, feasibility is demonstrated in some first proofs of the concept, and an outlook is given pointing out the direction for further research.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Developing an Advanced Module for Back-Contact Solar Cells

Govaerts

Robbelein

González

et al. 2011

IEEE Trans. Compon., Packag. Manufact. Technol.

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“…The degree of cure, can be calculated from the measured heat flow when the ratio of the partial heat Q p Q Q art (t) generated up to time t and the total heat of reaction Q tot is determined: (2) where is the rate of cure, k(T) is the temperature-dependent rate constant of the reaction and is a function of the concentration of reactants. k(T) is usually described by the empirical Arrhenius equation,…”

Section: Modeling Approach Amentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The application of electrically conductive adhesives (ECA) is an alternative interconnection method for standard H-pattern cells [1] and a key technology for emerging new cell concepts like metal-wrapthrough (MWT) [2] and heterojunction cells [3]. ECAs are lead-free, mechanically compliant and can be processed at low-temperatures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cure Kinetics of Electrically Conductive Adhesives

Geipel

Eitner

2013

Energy Procedia

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Electrically conductive adhesives (ECA) are an alternative interconnection method for crystalline silicon solar cells, providing low thermomechanical stress, being lead-free and applicable to new contact structures. The ability to control their curing reaction in a stringing or lamination process is essential for enabling cost effective and reliable industrial module production. We set up an autocatalyzed model for the curing reaction of ECAs. The model is parameterized using dynamic differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements and isoconversional methods for parameter extraction. We use the model to simulate arbitrary temperature profiles and find a good agreement to experimental data with 5-10 % (abs.) error. Furthermore the model is used to calculate the advancing degree of cure of ECA during a typical lamination process.

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“…The interconnection between cells and CBS is based on an electrically conductive adhesive (ECA) which is cured during the lamination cycle of the laminate [1]. The technology has proven to be reliable in climate chamber testing of MWT modules [2][3][4][5] and IEC certification has been achieved by the module manufacturers Tianwei New Energy Holdings [6] and Nanjing Sunport Power [7]. A high power 60-cell module with over 300 Wp made with n-MWT cells was manufactured in September 2014 [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross Testing Electrically Conductive Adhesives and Conductive Back-sheets for the ECN Back-contact Cell and Module Technology

et al. 2015

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ECN set up a cross testing project in which suppliers of electrically conductive adhesives (ECA) and conductive back-sheet (CBS) foils participated. In the component part of the project, combinations of adhesive and foil were characterised for peel strength and contact resistance. The separate components were tested on dot geometry (ECA) and surface structure (CBS). In the module manufacture and testing part, 12 combinations of ECA and CBS were used in 4-cell MWT modules. The modules were tested up to 2000 hours in damp heat and 400 thermal cycles (both tests, 2 times the requirement of IEC61215). Most combinations passed the 5% power loss criterion. One of the conductive adhesives performed well on three different types of back-sheet which is supportive of a robust technology. Other results show that it is important to thoroughly test interesting combinations of ECA and CBS at module level before adding them to the recommended bill of materials.

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17.9% Metal‐wrap‐through mc‐Si cells resulting in module efficiency of 17.0%

Cited by 60 publications

References 17 publications

Developing an Advanced Module for Back-Contact Solar Cells

Developing an Advanced Module for Back-Contact Solar Cells

Cure Kinetics of Electrically Conductive Adhesives

Cross Testing Electrically Conductive Adhesives and Conductive Back-sheets for the ECN Back-contact Cell and Module Technology

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