Imec's view on the key reliability issues related to 3D integration is discussed. First, throughsilicon via (TSV) reliability concerns linked to thermo-mechanical stresses induced in copper and silicon and to TSV barrier/liner integrity are considered. Then, the possible impact of the TSV on the performance and reliability of nearby devices and interconnects is addressed. After that, reliability concerns related to wafer thinning and backside processing are covered by discussing the effect of stress release in exposed copper nails and the impact of backside passivation and copper contamination on devices. Finally, reliability issues caused by 3D stacking are discussed.
KeywordsThrough Silicon Via; Wafer Thinning; 3D-Stacking; Reliability;
IntroductionWhile IC dimension scaling leads to faster transistors, the performance of the whole integrated circuit is becoming more and more affected by the increasing signal delay associated with the cross-section scaling of on-chip and off-chip interconnects. 3D integration is one of the most promising technology candidates to mitigate the so-called interconnect bottleneck. With 3D integration, chips are stacked on top of each other, leading to a significant sleek form factor reductions [1][2]. Electrical connections between different stacked chips are made by vertical conductors, the so-called TSVs [3][4], with typical diameters and depths in the range between 2-20m and 10-100m, respectively, in leading-edge processes. TSVs can be processed at different phases of the chip fabrication. With via-first integration, the TSV is fabricated before