3D printed bioactive and antibacterial silicate glass-ceramic scaffold by fused filament fabrication

Rheological properties of powder blend for extrusion of ceramic-polymer filament used in 3D printing

“…Although polymers are the main materials the technology works with, the latest trends include ceramics as well in the list of prospective materials [2][3][4]. Today, several scientific groups are conducting research on obtaining ceramic objects by FDM through developing ceramic-polymer filaments [2][3][4][5][6]. There are various methods for making filament for 3D printing, such as single-screw extrusion, twin-screw extrusion, chemical solvent method, etc.…”

Materials Requirements in Fused Filament Fabrication: A Framework for the Design of Next‐Generation 3D Printable Thermoplastics and Composites

“…Some examples of this variability are summarized in Table 1 . [ 119,138,188,218,296,370,371,374,378,382,384–408 ]…”

A review on the ceramic additive manufacturing technologies and availability of equipment and materials

“…5 illustrates the schematic of the fused deposition technology with two types of raw material: filament and granule. In both cases, the feedstock is composed of the ceramic powder (usually around 40-50 vol%) and multicomponent binders usually containing a thermoplastic (ethylene vinyl acetate [100][101][102], polylactic acid [103], polyvinyl butyral [22,104], polyolefin [105,106], lowdensity polyethylene [107]), surfactant (stearic acid [102,104,107,108]), and plasticizer (polyethylene glycol [22,103,104]). This material is heated to just above the melting point of the polymer.…”

“…In the fused deposition of ceramics, the nozzle diameter usually varies between 0.4 and 0.6 mm [22,23,101,102,105,106,108,[111][112][113] and the layer thickness from 100-300 μm [22-24, 103-105, 107, 108, 111-114]. Also, nozzle temperature and printing speed are important parameters and presented a great variation in related works reported in the literature [22-25, 100-108, 111-114] (130-260 °C and 1-95 mm/s, respectively).…”

“…Fused filament fabrication: using filaments could benefit from the extensive use of FDM (fused deposition modeling) already applied to polymers, and recent studies [101,102,105,106,109,111,129] have indicated that common FDM 3D printers, which are low-cost and easy to operate [24], could deal with ceramic filaments. Oppositely, creating filaments with well-dispersed high ceramic loading is a big challenge [13], and they are commonly brittle and difficult to handle [23,109,110].…”