3D Printed Polycaprolactone/Gelatin/Bacterial Cellulose/Hydroxyapatite Composite Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering

Cakmak, Abdullah M; Unal, Semra; Şahin, Ali; Oktar, Faik N.; Şengör, Mustafa; Ekren, Nazmi; Gündüz, Oğuzhan; Kalaskar, Deepak M.

doi:10.3390/polym12091962

Cited by 103 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…PCL is a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved linear polyester with good biocompatibility, slow degradation rate, less acidic breakdown products in comparison to other polyesters, and has the potential for loadbearing applications [ 11 , 12 ]. The slow degradation of PCL allows time for bone remodeling and can also be manipulated to adjust the polymer’s biodegradation rates [ 13 , 14 ]. Additionally, PCL is one of the most preferred polymers for extrusion-based 3D printing due to its melting temperature of 55–60 °C [ 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Application of Polycaprolactone in Three-Dimensional Printing Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

et al. 2021

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Bone tissue engineering commonly encompasses the use of three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds to provide a suitable microenvironment for the propagation of cells to regenerate damaged tissues or organs. 3D printing technology has been extensively applied to allow direct 3D scaffolds manufacturing. Polycaprolactone (PCL) has been widely used in the fabrication of 3D scaffolds in the field of bone tissue engineering due to its advantages such as good biocompatibility, slow degradation rate, the less acidic breakdown products in comparison to other polyesters, and the potential for loadbearing applications. PCL can be blended with a variety of polymers and hydrogels to improve its properties or to introduce new PCL-based composites. This paper describes the PCL used in developing state of the art of scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. In this review, we provide an overview of the 3D printing techniques for the fabrication of PCL-based composite scaffolds and recent studies on applications in different clinical situations. For instance, PCL-based composite scaffolds were used as an implant surgical guide in dental treatment. Furthermore, future trend and potential clinical translations will be discussed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Application of Polycaprolactone in Three-Dimensional Printing Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

et al. 2021

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“…The samples were weighed after removing the excess water from the surfaces by using blotting paper. The solubility ratio was calculated by using the weight of the hydrogel after extraction (G) and the initial weight of the hydrogel (Gi) and expressed as a percentage [ 5 ].

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The underlying mechanism that often incorporates both molecular and mechanical signals typically begins with the stimulation of cells through new tissue synthesis [ 4 ]. A perfect 3D scaffold not only efficiently stimulates bone regeneration into ideal shapes but also aids in the healing of bone defects [ 5 ]. Biomaterials are simply defined as the medium by which these signals are delivered.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viscoelasticity, Mechanical Properties, and In Vitro Bioactivity of Gelatin/Borosilicate Bioactive Glass Nanocomposite Hydrogels as Potential Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration

et al. 2021

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Chemical cross-linking was used to create nanocomposite hydrogels made up of gelatin (G) and borosilicate bioactive glass (BBG) with different content (0, 3, and 5 wt.%). The G/BBG nanocomposite hydrogels were studied for their morphology, mechanical properties, and viscoelasticity. SEM images revealed a macroporous interconnected structure with particles scattered across the pore walls. Studies of water absorption and degradation confirmed that the nanocomposite scaffolds were hydrophilic and biodegradable. The addition of 5% BBG to the scaffold formulations increased the compressive modulus by 413% and the compressive intensity by 20%, respectively. At all frequency ranges tested, the storage modulus (G′) was greater than the loss modulus (G″), revealing a self-standing elastic nanocomposite hydrogel. The nanocomposite scaffolds facilitated apatite formation while immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF). According to the findings, G/BBG nanocomposite scaffolds could be a promising biomaterial for bone regeneration.

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“…In recent years, BTE has emerged as a new solution for constructing the substitute material for bone repair (31). Researchers have afforded 3D-printing techniques considerable attention for the preparation of advanced BTE scaffolds with biomimetic structures (32).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of enhanced bone marrow in conjunction with 3D-printed PLA-HA in the repair of critical-sized bone defects in a rabbit model

Liu¹,

Chu²,

Zhang³

et al. 2021

Ann Transl Med

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Background: Traditionally, the iliac crest has been the most common harvesting site for autologous bone grafts; however, it has some limitations, including poor bone availability and donor-site morbidity. This study sought to explore the effect of enhanced bone marrow (eBM) in conjunction with three-dimensional (3D)printed polylactide-hydroxyapatite (PLA-HA) scaffolds in the repair of critical-sized bone defects in a rabbit model.Methods: First, 3D-printed PLA-HA scaffolds were fabricated and evaluated using micro-computed tomography (μCT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Twenty-seven New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=9 per group), and the defects were treated using 3D-printed PLA-HA scaffolds (the PLA-HA group) or eBM in conjunction with 3D-printed PLA-HA scaffolds (the PLA-HA/eBM group), or were left untreated (the control group). Radiographic, μCT, and histological analyses were performed to evaluate bone regeneration in the different groups.Results: The 3D-printed PLA-HA scaffolds were cylindrical, and had a mean pore size of 500±47.1 μm and 60%±3.5% porosity. At 4 and 8 weeks, the lane-sandhu X-ray score in the PLA-HA/eBM group was significantly higher than that in the PLA-HA group and the control group (P<0.01). At 8 weeks, the μCT analysis showed that the bone volume (BV) and bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV) in the PLA-HA/ eBM group were significantly higher than those in the PLA-HA group and the control group (P<0.01).Hematoxylin and eosin staining indicated that the new bone area in the PLA-HA/eBM group was significantly higher than that in the PLA-HA group and the control group (P<0.01). Conclusions:The group that was treated with eBM in conjunction with 3D-printed PLA-HA showed enhanced bone repair compared to the other 2 groups. PLA-HA/eBM scaffolds represent a promising way to treat critical-sized bone defects.

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3D Printed Polycaprolactone/Gelatin/Bacterial Cellulose/Hydroxyapatite Composite Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering

Cited by 103 publications

References 39 publications

The Application of Polycaprolactone in Three-Dimensional Printing Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

The Application of Polycaprolactone in Three-Dimensional Printing Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

Viscoelasticity, Mechanical Properties, and In Vitro Bioactivity of Gelatin/Borosilicate Bioactive Glass Nanocomposite Hydrogels as Potential Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration

The effect of enhanced bone marrow in conjunction with 3D-printed PLA-HA in the repair of critical-sized bone defects in a rabbit model

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