4D Printing of Electroactive Materials

Chen, Andrew Y.; Pegg, Elizabeth; Chen, Ailin; Jin, Zeqing; Gu, Grace X.

doi:10.1002/aisy.202100019

Cited by 25 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 122 publications

(143 reference statements)

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“…[31,32] An interesting class of materials enabling these properties are, for example, hydrogels [28][29][30][31][32][33] and electroactive materials. [34] Therefore, 4D printing enables motions or functions of 3D-printed constructs controlled by external stimuli. [32] One example of such stimuli responsive materials are magnetically responsive polymers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Including Carbonyl Iron Particles on the Melt Electrowriting Process

Kade

Bakırcı

Tandon

et al. 2022

Macro Materials & Eng

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Melt electrowriting, a high-resolution additive manufacturing technique, is used in this study to process a magnetic polymer-based blend for the first time. Carbonyl iron (CI) particles homogenously distribute into poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) melts to result in well-defined, highly porous structures or scaffolds comprised of fibers ranging from 30 to 50 μm in diameter. This study observes that CI particle incorporation is possible up to 30 wt% without nozzle clogging, albeit that the highest concentration results in heterogeneous fiber morphologies. In contrast, the direct writing of homogeneous PVDF fibers with up to 15 wt% CI is possible. The fibers can be readily displaced using magnets at concentrations of 1 wt% and above. Combined with good viability of L929 CC1 cells using Live/Dead imaging on scaffolds for all CI concentrations indicates that these formulations have potential for the usage in stimuli-responsive applications such as 4D printing.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Including Carbonyl Iron Particles on the Melt Electrowriting Process

Kade

Bakırcı

Tandon

et al. 2022

Macro Materials & Eng

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show abstract

“…The performance of the proposed designs can be further improved by optimizing the designs, printing additional fixing mechanisms, using fixing screws when needed, or using a printing material with a lower T g value [40]. In addition, conductive PLA can be used as a printing material for the microactuators to offer the ability to perform actuation using Joule heating instead of hot water or hot air [41].…”

Section: D Printing Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of 4D-printed shape memory polymer large-stroke XY micropositioning stages

Cheah

Alshebly

Ali

et al. 2022

J. Micromech. Microeng.

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This paper presents two novel large-stroke XY micropositioning stages that are fabricated completely using four-dimensional (4D) printed polylactic acid (PLA). The proposed designs do not require manual training to perform actuation. Instead, printing speed is used to achieve shape programming and manipulate the deformation and shrinking levels of the PLA microactuators that control the microstage. A relationship between the printing speed, number of layers, and deformation value is formulated to model the performance of the microactuators based on these variables. The same approach is then used to develop the two proposed designs in this work. Actuations in the x- and y-axes are achieved using PLA actuators that are printed at speeds in the range of 40 – 80 mm/s, while the rest of the structure (passive part) is printed at a speed of 10 mm/s to minimize unwanted deformations. The microactuators are activated by immersing the designs in hot water at 85 °C. The maximum values of the x- and y-actuations are achieved when using the highest printing speed for the microactuators. Design 1 offers actuation values of 1.99 and 1.40 mm along the x- and y-axes, respectively, while these values are 1.76 and 2.30 mm when using Design 2. The proposed designs offer a cost-effective batch fabrication solution for micropositioning applications, where the weight of the PLA required for Design 1 and Design 2 is 48.37 g and 12.61 g, respectively, which respectively costs $0.65 and $0.17. In addition, the designs offer a promising performance compared to the currently available large-stroke micropositioning stages in terms of the simplicity of the fabrication process and the area ratio.

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“…Biswas et al [37] note that shape changes may include materials 'bending, twisting, corrugating, and elongating' in response to stimuli such as 'temperature, moisture, light, electrical or magnetic fields'. Chen et al [38] report the development of printed 'smart' and 'stimulus-responsive' materials via additive manufacturing, noting their particular application in the field of electronics, sensor development, wearable smart materials and robotics.…”

Section: Additive Manufacturing-4d Printingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personalised Production in the Age of Circular Additive Manufacturing

Turner

Oyekan

2023

Applied Sciences

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This research examines the opportunities provided by advances in digital manufacturing technologies for the provision of products designed to meet the needs of an individual consumer. The ability to co-create products with customers could enable mass personalisation to become a popular and fast-growing mode of production. Additive manufacturing, in both 3D and 4D printing forms, opens up new opportunities for circular economy-compliant production of such highly personalised products. Industry 4.0 has been seen by many as an agenda for the utilisation of interconnected digital technologies in industry, with a particular focus on manufacturing. Industry 5.0 seeks to address challenges that have grown in importance since the inception of Industry 4.0, such as the efficient inclusion of human worker skills in tandem with automation solutions, to address highly complex manufacturing scenarios while mitigating many of the environmental issues inherent with current manufacturing practices, while using circular economy principles. In examining the production of smart fabrics, this paper puts forward a framework for circular production of additively manufactured personalised products, co-designed with inputs from consumers.

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4D Printing of Electroactive Materials

Cited by 25 publications

References 122 publications

The Impact of Including Carbonyl Iron Particles on the Melt Electrowriting Process

The Impact of Including Carbonyl Iron Particles on the Melt Electrowriting Process

Development of 4D-printed shape memory polymer large-stroke XY micropositioning stages

Personalised Production in the Age of Circular Additive Manufacturing

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