6‐shogaol induces apoptosis and enhances radiosensitivity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines

Abstract

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is used for a wide array of conditions in traditional medicine in Asia, but little is known about the effect on head and neck cancer. In this study, the effect of two major pharmacologically active compounds of ginger, 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol, were studied on head and neck cancer cell lines. Furthermore, experiments in combination with established treatment methods for head and neck cancer were performed. Proliferation assays showed a dose-dependent reduction of cell viability. Flow cytometry analysis revealed the induction of apoptosis. Western blot analysis indicated that the antiapoptotic protein survivin was suppressed after treatment. Although a combination of 6-shogaol with cisplatin exhibited no synergistic effect, the combination with irradiation showed a synergistic reduction of clonogenic survival. In conclusion, ginger compounds have many noteworthy effects on head and neck cancer cell lines. In particular, the enhancement of radiosensitivity is remarkable.

Ginger facilitates cell migration and heat tolerance in mouse fibroblast cells

“…Statistical analysis was performed using a Student's unpaired t-test or a Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Dunn's post hoc test, and results were considered statistically significant when P<0.05 or P<0.01. (18)(19)(20). However, in this study, we found that low doses of GPE (0.001-0.1 µg/ml) had a minimal effect on cell viability.…”

“…Treatment with GPE (~0.1 µg/ml) did not affect cell viability, indicating that GPE (~0.1 µg/ml) is nontoxic to mouse fibroblast cells, in contrast to several reports showing that the ingredients of ginger extracts, such as gingerol and shogaol, have cytotoxic activity (18)(19)(20). The discrepancy in the findings regarding the cytotoxic activity of ginger might be attributable to the difference in the doses of GPE used.…”

Effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on semen quality

“…Ginger (binominal name: Zingiber officinale ) is a flowering plant originated in the tropical lowland forests in southern Asia and the Indian subcontinent (Adhikari, Indira Priyadarsini, & Mukherjee, ; Kotowski et al, ). Generally, ginger roots (rhizomes) are widely used as a food spice (Eliopoulos, ).…”

Enhanced Oral Bioavailability, Anti-Tumor Activity and Hepatoprotective Effect of 6-Shogaol Loaded in a Type of Novel Micelles of Polyethylene Glycol and Linoleic Acid Conjugate

“…The potentiality of 6-shogaol is supported by several lines of evidence as an agent for the prevention and treatment of a variety of cancers including gastrointestinal, melanoma, breast, lung, head and neck [13,14,15,16,17]. Also, various in vitro and in vivo studies showed that 6-shogaol demonstrates more potent anti-inflammatory activity than 6-gingerol and another widely studied phytochemical, curcumin [18].…”